Steadiness behavior style

The steadiness behavior style is a pattern of behavior where the person in question prefers a slower paced decision making process, he or she is focused on relationships in the working and social environment, and avoids pushy or aggressive people. Individuals who exhibit this style of behavior are active listeners and develop relationships easily with others who exhibit the same personality traits. This type of behavior style is mostly found in people who choose professions that help others such as a doctor, teacher, nurse or financial advisor.The personal weakness in people who choose the steadiness style of behavior lies in the ability to react quickly by making a spur of the moment decision as it might entail more of a risk than others. These individuals do not express their feelings openly, as they might appear weak in the eyes of others. To avoid conflict, stress or apparent weakness he or she will often tell others exactly what they want to hear; therefore discouraging close re lationships in the end. To communicate with people who exhibit this particular behavior style it is important to keep many things in mind before you approach.These individuals are steady and somewhat cautious; therefore, it is important to earn his or her trust and to be supportive of their feelings as well as sincere about your interest in them. As these individuals avoid risky situations and are resistant to change naturally, forcing him or her into a quick decision will ultimately break open communication. A general nonthreatening and sincere approach will create a positive relationship. In the professional setting it is possible to develop a close working relationship and help the person who exhibits the steadiness behavior style.As these individuals are very routine, helping them realize that there is more than one approach to any situation will often open their mind to new ideas, breaking habitual behavior and open the passageway to new ideas. Encouraging behaviors that are ou tside of the norm and helping these individuals adjust to alternate solutions consistently will allow a feeling of acceptance; therefore he or she will openly express ideas, which could lead to a stronger working relationship and new innovative thoughts.

Financial Analysis of Two Company

07. 7. 2012 Bilal Elarslan 2007432031| Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Business Business Administration ManagerialFinance| Financial Analysis of Ulker &P? nar Sut| List of Contents Introduction 3 1. Ulker 4 1. 1 History of Ulker 4 1. 2 About Ulker5 1. 3 Shareholder Structure 6 1. 4 Subsidaries6 1. 5 Wacc of Ulker7 1. 6 Leverage8 1. 7 Operating and financial leverage of Ulker8 1. 8 Beta Analysis9 1. 9 Ulker’s Beta Coefficent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 1. 10 Additional financial Information & key ratios†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 2. P? nar Sut†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 2. History Of P? nar Sut†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 2. 2 General Overview of Company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦. 13 2. 3 Shareholder Structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 2. 4 Wacc of P? nar Sut†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 2. 5 Leverage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 2. 6 P? nar Sut’s Beta coefficent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 2. 7 Additional informations & key ratios†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22Introduction In this research paper I prepared the financial ana? ysis of Ulker & P? nar Sut. While preparing this report firstly I have to choose two company Which are; * Ulker * P? nar sut While preparing this report I really mentioned about what we learned during manegerial finance lessons. As a result; with this aim, I prepared my term project by combining both acconting methods and my knowledge about finance. 1. ULKER 2. 1 History of Ulker 1944- Ulker Biskuvi was established in the Eminonu district of Istanbul. It started out as a small bakery with just three workers, producing 200 kg of biscuits per day.A few years later, the Company relocated to the Topkap? district of Istanbul. 1948- Producing a total of 75 tons of biscuits in 1944, Ulker Biscuits tripled its capacity at its Topkap? factory, built in 1948 specifically in order to increase the production volume. 1955- Ulker Biscuits decided to distribute its products throughout Turkey at factory prices and achieved a huge production increase with this innovation. 1970- In line with the growth strategy, Anadolu G? da Sanayii A. S. was founded in Ankara as a multiple-shareholder company and the production capacity of Ulker Biscuits was doubled. 974- The first biscuit export was made after choosing the Middle East as the target market. Opportunities for international competition were increased with the constitution of the R&D department in the same year. 1979- Ulker products began to be packed in cellophane-based packaging. 2003- Ulker Biskuvi merged under its own title with Anadolu G? da, whose shares have been quo ted on Istanbul Stock Exchange since 1996. 2008- Within the scope of Corporate Governance, the Articles of Association were amended and Corporate Governance and Audit Committees were set up.At the beginning of 2008, Ulker Biskuvi took part in the acquisition of the premium chocolatier brand, Godiva, with a 25. 23% share. 2. 2 About Ulker As the first company established within Y? ld? z Holding, operating its core business for 64 years, Ulker Biscuits serves as the flagship of the Holding both in terms of sales turnover and profitability. According to the Istanbul Chamber of Industry (ICI) in 2009 list of Turkey’s Top 500 Industrial Enterprises, Ulker Biscuits was ranked 104th. Ulker Biscuits produces biscuits, crackers, chocolate covered biscuits and wafers at its factories in Istanbul/Topkap? and Ankara.As the indisputable leader in the Turkish biscuit industry, Ulker Biscuits also takes its place among the giant food producers of the world, with its 280 assorted biscuit and cracker products that are supplied to both the local and international markets. In 1996, Ulker Biscuits received the ISO 9002 certification for quality standards in production; and in 2001, it was awarded the HACCP certification for quality standards in food safety. In 2002, it won the top mark of â€Å"High Level† in an analysis made by the Europe-based quality certification firm BRC, which further secured its successful position in the field of quality control.Ulker Biscuits develops new products in its independent laboratories, employing an experienced and innovative R&D staff, always keeping its quality-focused approach. Introducing an average of 60 new products per year to the market, Ulker Biscuits has continued to excel in innovation, thus making Ulker one of the top food brands. Ulker Biscuits products are exported mainly to the Middle East, Russia and Central Asian Republics, as well as to Europe, Africa and the United States. Ulker Biscuits not only contributes to Turkey’s economy through its exports, but it also successfully represents Turkey’s approach to quality on a global scale.Ulker Biscuits has an effective quality control system that injects synergy into the entire process from production through consumption; and it continues its investments based on its strategy that is focused on sustainable and profitable growth. Ulker Biscuits is a consumer-focused company that satisfies its consumers’ needs and expectations at the maximum level, and it has formed a harmonious and lasting relationship with its target group. Surveys conducted in recent years attest to the high levels of loyalty to the Ulker brand.In the â€Å"Brands 2008† survey by AC Nielsen, Ulker was ranked first in the biscuit category, and second and third in the categories of â€Å"top-of-the-mind† brands and those that consumers feel closest to, respectively. Local distribution of biscuits and chocolate covered products produced by Ulker Bi scuits and its subsidiaries is undertaken by its subsidiary, Atlas G? da Pazarlama, and other marketing companies of Y? ld? z Holding, Esas Pazarlama, Merkez G? da Pazarlama and Rekor Pazarlama. 2. 3 Shareholder Structure Shareholders of Ulker company dated 31/12/2010 is as follows.Shareholders Share(TRY) (%) Y? ld? z Holding A. S. 106. 999. 435 39,84 Others 161. 600. 565 60,16 Capital 268. 600. 000 100 1. 4 Subsideries Ulker Biscuits, the flagship of Y? ld? z Holding, associated with a number of companies within the Holding, It has developed a strong portfolio synergistic structure with both vertical and horizontal integration. Under this mutually beneficial structure, Ulker Biscuits and other companies within Y? ld? Holding, each occupy a leading position in their sectors. In addition to various biscuit facilities in cities in Anatolia, Ulker Biscuits has developed a dynamic production process that reaches into all branches of the food industry, including high quality flour, butte r and packaging facilities. 1. 5 Weighted Average Cost of Capital Corporations create value for shareholders by earning a return on the invested capital that is above the cost of capital. WACC is an expression of this cost and is used to see if certain intended investments or strategies or projects or purchases are worthwhile to undertake.WACC is expressed as a percentage, like interest. WACC of Ulker Company is %12,1. This means that investments should be made that give return higher than the WACC of %12,1. WACC= (Wi x ri) + ( Wp x rp) + ( Ws x rn) Tax rate: 20% 1. 6 Leverage Leverage refers to the effects that fixed costs have on the returns that shareholders earn. By â€Å"fixed costs† we mean costs that do not rise and fall with changes in a firm’s sales. Firms have to pay these fixed costs whether business conditions are good or bad.A firm with more leverage may earn higher returns on average than a firm with less leverage, but the returns on the more leveraged fi rm will also be more volatile. Managers can influence leverage in their decisions about how the company raises money to operate. The amount of leverage in the firm’s capital structure the mix of long-term debt and equity maintained by the firm can significantly affect its value by affecting return and risk. The more debt a firm issues, the higher are its debt repayment costs, and those costs must be paid regardless of how the firm’s products are selling.Because leverage can have such a large impact on a firm, the financial manager must understand how to measure and evaluate leverage, particularly when making capital structure decisions. Operating leverage is concerned with the relationship between the firm’s sales revenue and its earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) or operating profits. When costs of operations (such as cost of goods sold and operating expenses) are largely fixed, small changes in revenue will lead to much larger changes in EBIT. Financial leverage is concerned with the relationship between the firm’s EBIT and its common stock earnings per share (EPS).On the income statement, you can see that the deductions taken from EBIT to get to EPS include interest, taxes, and preferred dividends. Taxes are clearly variable, rising and falling with the firm’s profits, but interest expense and preferred dividends are usually fixed. When these fixed items are large (that is, when the firm has a lot of financial leverage), small changes in EBIT produce larger changes in EPS. Total leverage is the combined effect of operating and financial leverage. It is concerned with the relationship between the firm’s sales revenue and EPS. 1. Operating and Financial Leverage of Ulker in 2011 Sales Revenue 10. 445. 022. 950 Less: COGS (9. 243. 511. 780) Operating Leverage Gross Profit1. 201. 511. 170 Less: Operating Expenses(46. 450. 461) EBIT1. 155. 060. 709 Total Less: Interest18. 799. 809 Leverage Net profit before tax1. 136. 260. 900 Financial Leverage Less: Taxes 137. 983. 993 Net profit after taxes 998. 276. 907 Less: Preferred stock dividends (518. 995. 890)Earnings available for common (EAC) 479. 281. 017 1. 8 Beta Analysis Systematic risk beta coefficient is a measure of a security. In other words, it is the relationship the performance of securities market with the average performance. It is coefficient of the change in response to a unit change in securities market. The market beta coefficient is accepted to be 1 for every time. In theory, all forms of securities in the market can be said that the beta coefficient equal to 1 in the totals. We can make 3 different beta coefficient is interpretation. 1- Beta coefficient of 1, – Beta coefficient is higher than 1, 3- Beta coefficient is lower than 1. 1. 9 Ulker’s Beta Coefficient Ulker beta coefficient is higher than 1 that is 1,02. So it represents the market price of securities will rise or fall more than the market. Beta coeffi cient that is higher than 1 is more risky than less than 1. Hence the beta coefficient of securities is less than 1 also reduces the risk of the portfolio. Therefore, in emerging markets (bull market), while beta coefficient higher than 1 which is providing higher returns than stock market, in falling market (bear market) makes a higher damage.For this reason, the falling stock markets prefers beta coefficient less than 1. ? >1 the share movement is faster than the index (high risk and high volatility). And volatility is average price of a security or market fluctuation feature that is shown in a short time interval. Volatility of a high-speed change in the price of securities and properties of extreme volatility are seen. The higher the beta coefficient causes increasing in volatility of securities. Ford coefficient is high and its volatility is increasing of securities. ParameterParameter | Coefficient| Standard Error | T- value| A| 0. 42 | 0. 54| 0. 77| Beta| 1. 02 | 1. 027 | 0. 99| F=92. 616472228 r2=0. 614915957 STD error=0. 155688307 1. 10 Additional Information on financial Instruments a) Capital risk management The Group controls its capital with the liability / total capital ratio. Net liability is divided by total capital in this ratio. Cash and cash equivalents are substracted from total loans to calculate the net liability. The shareholder’s equity is added to net liabilties to calculate the total capital. ) Liquidity risk management The Group manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate reserves, banking facilities and reserve borrowing facilities by continuously monitoring forecast and actual cash flows and matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities. The funding risk of the current and prospective debt demands is managed by maintaining the availability of lenders with high quality and in sufficient number The following table presents the maturity of Group’s non-derivative financial liabilities. The table in cludes both interest and principal cash flows. . PINAR SUT 3. 4 History of P? nar Sut 1975 – P? nar Sut is established in Izmir as the Middle East’s biggest dairy processing complex and Turkey's first UHT (ultra-high temperature processed) milk and packaged dairy products manufacturing plant. 1976 – The company begins producing Turkey’s first processed cheese and chocolate milk. 1978 – P? nar sliced kashkaval cheese and P? nar spreadable cheese are introduced to consumers. 1980 – A Kraft-P? nar joint venture is launched. P? nar Sut introduces its Deram, Raglet, Maribo, and Cheddar cheese varieties. 982 – The company begins exporting milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, and strawberry milk to Central Europe, Cyprus, and the Middle East. 1983 – P? nar Yem is set up to provide high quality feeds to the P? nar Sut’s raw milk suppliers. P? nar Mayonnaise, Turkey’s first domestically-manufactured mayonnaise goes on sale. P? n ar Beyaz, Turkey’s first spreadable cheese, and P? nar Whipped Topping, a powdered whipped topping both go into production. 1984 – P? nar Sut begins exporting its labaneh, milk, yoghurt drink, butter, yoghurt, cheese, whipped topping, and mayonnaise products to Kuwait, Cyprus, and Germany. 985 – Labaneh is launched in the Turkish market under the name â€Å"P? nar Labaneh†. 1992 – P? nar Sut is awarded the Turkish Standards Institute’s (TSE) â€Å"Golden Packaging† award for the introduction of the first foil-sealed yoghurt container. Form Milk, Turkey’s first low-fat milk, and Cikolasut, chocolate milk made with real, natural chocolate, go on sale. 1993 – P? nar Sut becomes the first company in its sector to be awarded TS ISO 9002 Quality Management System certification. 1994 – P? nar Sut receives another TSEâ€Å"Golden Packaging† award for its 10-liter bag-in-box pack design.Having successfully demonstra ted its compliance with European standards in terms of production, sales, and after-sales services, P? nar Sut becomes the first dairy products company to receive TS ISO 9001 Quality Management System certification. 1995 – P? nar â€Å"long-life† fruit yoghurts and prepared desserts go into production. Turkish consumers are introduced to P? nar light (low-fat) and extra light yoghurts and to low-fat, triangular cheese. 1997 – P? nar Sut opens its Eskisehir plant. 1999 – P? nar Sut introduces its â€Å"Denge† line of lactose-free, high-calcium, and vitaminenhanced milks. 000 – As a result of investments at the Eskisehir plant, P? nar Sut launches the world’s first continuous-process production of cream-top yoghurt. 2001 – UHT milk supplied in plastic bottles goes into production. 2003 – Under an agreement with Sodima, P? nar Sut launches production of fruit yoghurts in Turkey. 2004 – P? nar introduces its Kafela, K aramela, and Cikolasut line of products in packaging specially designed to appeal to young people. P? nar Sut is awarded TS 13001 HACCP Food Safety System certification. 2005 – Turkey’s first organic milk and first prebiotic and probiotic dairy products are introduced to the market. 007 – P? nar’s YOPI line of calcium-, protein-,and vitamin-enhanced dairy products for children goes into production. 2008 – P? nar Sut becomes the first company in Turkey’s dairy industry to undertake a Lean 6 Sigma operational excellence and productivity project. P? nar Milk for Kids, a milk specially designed for child nutrition, is introduced to the market. 2009 – P? nar lemonade and tropical fruit drink are introduced to the market. 2010 – P? nar Kido with Biscuit, Honey Flavored P? nar Kid's Milk, and P? nar Breakfast Cream Cheese products go on sale. 3. 5 General Overview of P? ar Sut The pioneer of many firsts in its sector since the day it was founded, P? nar Sut makes use of the most modern technology available to produce and supply consumers with the milk and dairy products that are essential to good nutrition. The first to introduce the concept of healthy milk and dairy products in Turkey When it was originally founded in Izmir in 1975, P? nar Sut was the most advanced dairy processing complex in Europe and the Middle East. P? nar Sut was the first brand to introduce and entrench the concept of wellness, standardized milk and dairy products in Turkey. The P? ar brand, earning a deserved reputation as â€Å"Source of Dynamism, Health, Pleasure and Life†, became the preferred choice of Turkish consumers while also making huge contributions both to the growth and development of the Turkish Animal husbandry stock raising and food industries and also to the well-being of new generations of children. P? nar Sut’s principal business activity is the production and sale of dairy products (milk, yoghurt, yoghur t drink, traditional and modern cheeses, butter, cream) as well as of fruit juices, mayonnaise, ketchups, puddings, honey, sauces, jams and jellies, desserts, and powdered products.A leading role in increased dairy production in Turkey P? nar Sut introduced the first â€Å"long-life† UHT milk packaged in aseptic containers in Turkey in 1975. Operating from plants located in Izmir and Eskisehir, the company has remained the leading brand in Turkey’s dairy products industry ever since. Making use of the most modern technology available, P? nar Sut produces and supplies consumers with the milk and dairy products while also playing a leading role in increased dairy production through its year-round support for more than 35,000 suppliers of raw milk.P? nar Sut procures its superior-quality raw milk under agreements with more than 200 of Turkey’s biggest dairy farms, which are contractually obligated to produce to EU norms. By serving as these farms’ biggest cu stomer, P? nar Sut fosters its own â€Å"total quality† concepts among them as well. From the moment that it is harvested, raw milk is registered by means of a computerized system that keeps regular track of herd and animal health data throughout all production stages. To ensure its freshness and quality, P? ar Sut picks up its suppliers’ raw milk twice a day (morning and evening) from more than 300 milk collection and chilling centers and it takes it immediately to its processing plant. Individual dairy producers are subject to strict monitoring and controls by local laboratories while all milk must be controlled by the advanced technology equipped laboratories at the company’sIzmir and Eskisehir plants before being accepted. A regional force P? nar Sut is moving rapidly towards becoming a regional force in its hinterland by exporting milk and dairy products to many countries around the world.P? nar Sut’s raw milk collection and chilling centers are insp ected every year for the conformity with the EU standards by an EU commission. The company provides its suppliers with continuous support on the matter of developing and maintaining farms that are free of all diseases, which is a prime requisite for exporting milk and dairy products to EU countries. Through projects conducted jointly with government agricultural agencies in Turkey, an ongoing effort is made to ensure that raw milk production satisfies EU norms.According to the third-quarter 2009 sectoral results of the Turkish Customer Satisfaction Index survey, P? nar Sut ranked first in its sector with the highest (82%) level of customer satisfaction in the milk and dairy products category. This survey, which is conducted regularly by KalDer (Turkish Quality Association) and which also analyzes competition in Turkey, is the second most comprehensive poll of its kind after those conducted in the United States. 3. 6 Shareholder Structure The issued capital of the Company is 44. 951. 051,25 Turkish Lira. Each share of this capital is amounting to 1 Cent, 1. 28. 000 A group registered shares, 1. 260. 000 B group registered shares and 4. 494. 806,325 C group bearer shares 4. 495. 105. 125 shares. The Company does not have any privileges regarding distribution of profit. The Company has privileges regarding voting power in the establishment of board members. The business and administration of the Company is managed by the Board of Directors consisting of 5 or 9 members to be elected within the frame of the provisions of the Turkish Trade Code by the General Assembly among the partners or from outside of the Company.In case the Board of Directors consists of 5 people, 3 members shall be elected from the candidates, which A-Group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate. If the Board of Directors consists of 7 people, 4 members shall be elected from the candid ates, which A-Group shareholders shall nominate and 2 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate.If the Board of Directors consists of 9 people, 5 members shall be elected from the candidates, which A-Group shareholders shall nominate and 3 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate. If resolved by the Board of Directors, an Executive Director can be assigned. The President of the Board of Directors and the Executive Director is elected among the members representing A-Group shares. THE CAPITAL AND SHAREHOLDER STATUS OF PINAR SUT MAMULLERI SANAYI A. S. SHAREHOLDERS | SHARE RATE (%)| STOCKS AMOUNT (TL)| YASAR HOLDING A. S. 61,18 | 27. 503. 257. 789. 000| 3rd PARTY| 38,82| 17. 447. 793. 461. 000| TOTAL| 100,00| 44. 951. 051. 250. 000| | 3. 7 Weighted Avarege Cost of Capital Corporations create value for shareholders by earning a return on the invested capital that is above the cost of capital. WACC is an expression of this cost and is used to see if certain intended investments or strategies or projects or purchases are worthwhile to undertake. WACC is expressed as a percentage, like interest. WACC of P? nar Sut Company is %12,1. This means that investments should be made that give return higher than the WACC of %11. 6.WACC= (Wi x ri) + ( Wp x rp) + ( Ws x rn) Tax rate: 20% 3. 8 Leverage of P? nar sut Financial leverage is concerned with the relationship between the firm’s EBIT and its common stock earnings per share (EPS). On the income statement, you can see that the deductions taken from EBIT to get to EPS include interest, taxes, and preferred dividends. Taxes are clearly variable, rising and falling with the firm’s profits, but interest expense and preferred dividends are usually fixed. When these fixed items are large (that is, when the firm has a lot of financial leverage), small changes in EBIT prod uce larger changes in EPS.Total leverage is the combined effect of operating and financial leverage. It is concerned with the relationship between the firm’s sales revenue and EPS. 3. 9 Beta Analysis of P? nar Sut 3. 10 Additional Information on financial Instruments a) Financial highlights: (TL million)| 2011| 2010| % change| Total assets| 532. 6| 479. 0| 11. 2| Shareholders’ equity| 384. 8| 350. 2| 9. 9| Financial liabilities| 15. 0| 20. 0| -25. 0| Sales revenues| 577. 1| 480. 7| 20. 1| Profit before taxation on income| 71. 4| 71. 2| 0. 3| Net period profit| 60. 1| 57. 8| 4. 0|Earnings per share (TL)| 1. 3365| 1. 2863| 3. 9| b) Financial ratios | 2011| 2010| Total liabilities/Total assets (%)| 27. 75| 26. 88| Total liabilities/Shareholders’ equity (%)| 38. 41| 36. 77| Return on sales (%)| 10. 41| 12. 03| Current assets/Current liabilities| 1. 92| 2. 17| Equity turnover ratio| 1. 50| 1. 37| Net financing costs/Net sales (%)| 0. 67| 0. 94| Net financing costs/Sh areholders’ equity (%)| 1. 00| 1. 29| c) Revenue & Net Income The tables gives us a brief information related to revenue and net income of P? nar Sut. Appendix i) ii) ReferencesFood Industry Report 2011 GITMAN Lawrence, ZUTTER Chad, Principles of Managerial Finance http://seekingalpha. com/article/427611-ulker-remains-one-of-our-best-ideas http://uk. reuters. com/business/quotes/financialHighlights? symbol=. IS http://www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_wacc. html http://www. ulker. com. tr/en/financial-statements. htm http://www. 4-traders. com/PINAR-SUT-MAMULLERI-SANAY-6495545/financials/ http://markets. ft. com/Research/Markets/Tearsheets/Financials? s=PNSUT:IST http://www. pinar. com. tr/ Ulker 2011 Annual Report P? nar Sut 2011 Annual Report

Market Structure / Supply & Demand Essay

Monopoly – one person or company dominates provision of a particular product or service, in the absence of competitors. Consumers do not have a choice for provision of the product in question. A monopoly can ‘call the shots’ on their product (price, availability etc.) as there is no alternative on offer to consumers. Monopolists tend to produce a limited number of product which are then sold at a high price (there is no need to compete). (Control of demand) The British Government seeks to restrict the behaviour of monopolies, so preventing unfair business behaviours. Oligopoly – a small number of dominant firms or individuals compete to provide a product or service. Competition is limited and as a result, very closely related. Everything a competitor does directly affects your business. E.g. If one company drops its prices all the other businesses in the oligopoly are affected. Business decisions must always consider competitor’s influence / reaction. An oligopoly may agree to maintain artificially high prices – technically illegal but difficult to prove if nothing is in writing. Duopoly – taken literally a duopoly means 2 firms control a market. In reality is usually means that 2 firms dominate a market by having the biggest share in it. Examples of duopolistic markets include Coca Cola and Pepsi as dominant suppliers of soft drinks. There are many competitors in the field but Coke and Pepsi have such a huge share of the market that they don’t usually see them as competition or influence on their business decisions. Perfect competition – theoretical – as are all the above definitions. Multiple providers offer a wide choice to a broad spectrum of consumers. Consumers benefit from freedom of choice and businesses competing for their  custom through competitive pricing and customer service. Supply and Demand The concept of supply and demand is at the heart of a market economy. Prices, earnings, and the supply of goods is determined by the demand for it by consumers. Demand – In economic terms this is the amount of a product (or service) desired by consumers. Supply – The quantity of a product or service a producer is willing to make available to consumers and the price at which they want to sell that product. Demand Curve – a graph showing the correlation (or demand relationship) between the price of a product or service and how many consumers would desire it at different prices (if all other variables are unchanged). It is an attempt to quantify preference. I.e. how much a consumer is willing to pay for something and at what point the cost outweighs the desire. Companies may use this demand relationship as a pricing guide and to determine how much of a product to manufacture, which in turn indicates the level of resources required. The simplest interpretation which can be drawn is that as prices rise, demand drops and vice versa. As we can see from the graphic above, at point A the highest price (P1) reflects the lowest quantity demanded (Q1). Conversely, at point C the number of units in demand (Q3) is much greater when the price (P3) is considerably lower. The downward slope of the curve reflects a negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. I.e. as one factor rises, the other drops and vice-versa. Variables other than price affecting demand. Demography – the statistical make up of consumers (age range, income bracket, education, political persuasion etc.) all influence the demand for goods and services. Income – a rise in income often correlates with a rise in demand for a good. The exception to this is if a good is considered ‘inferior’ – a rise in income may result in a switch to goods considered to be of higher quality. (e.g. ‘plonk’ to fine wine) Substitutes –  Supply Curve The basic premise from the supplier’s point of view is that the higher the price a good can be sold for – the more a business will be willing to supply. References Bized.co.uk. 2014. Biz/ed – Interactive Supply and Demand 1 | Biz/ed. [online] Available at: http://www.bized.co.uk/learn/economics/markets/mechanism/interactive/part1.htm [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. Heakal, R. 2014. Demand Curve. [image online] Available at: http://i.investopedia.com/inv/tutorials/site/economics/economics3.gif [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. Heakal, R. 2014. Supply Curve. [image online] Available at: http://i.investopedia.com/inv/tutorials/site/economics/economics4.gif [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. —————- BBC News. 2014. Economy tracker: Inflation. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10612209 [Accessed: 7 Apr 2014]. HM Treasury, HM Revenue & Customs. 2013. Government incentives help 1,100 companies lift off. [press release] 7 November 2013. Staff, I. 2012. Economies Of Scale Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economiesofscale.asp [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. http://www.etoro.com/blog/etoro-voice/19112013/8-things-investors-watching-google/?dl=30001303&utm_medium=Media&utm_source=46599&utm_content=6579&utm_serial=google3.aspx&utm_campaign=google3.aspx&utm_term=http://paid.outbrain.com/network/redir

Comparison between Visual Thinking using Computer and Conventional Essay

Comparison between Visual Thinking using Computer and Conventional Media - Essay Example This research states that the utilisation of three-dimensional computer-aided design has developed into a routine practice in most design fields including architecture, engineering, archaeology and conservation. Besides these professions, computer aided design has also found much use in science, technology and medical studies. A comparison of the concept generation stage of design between computer-aided design and traditional design is a particularly interesting field of study. Research has been done into computer-aided conceptual design which has been undertaken with quite successful results adoptable to industrial design but the visual thinking undertaken when sketching has not been investigated to significant detail. A critical analysis of a study into the cognition and visual thinking of designers in computer-aided design and how this compares to conventional media concept generation is useful in development of headways in the design of online learning environments. The study ana lysed here-in compares and contrasts computer-aided and conventional media in concept generation in design and whether there are any performance differences when using the two. Narayan et al. defines computer-aided design as any type of design activity that makes use of a computer to develop, analyse or modify an engineering system. The designer creates an image on the computer using geometric elements including lines and circles. Manipulations on the image can then be undertaken through magnification, reduction in size and rotation or other methods until the desired modification is achieved. The impact of computer-aided design on traditional design has been grand with new areas being opened up including shape grammars, database system design, expert systems and knowledge-based systems (Won 2001, p. 320). The traditional theoretical design models can be applied in computer-aided design, for example the Pahl and Beitz model in which the steps involved are clarification of the task, c onceptual design, embodiment of the design and finally detailing of the design (Jaquero 2009, pp. 1-3). Much of the research that has been undertaken has focused on the application of computer-aided design on later stages of the entire design process. There is however need for study into the concept generation stage of computer-aided design. The work of Won and fellow researchers was based on computer-aided design and visual thinking with concept generation as the problem statement. A critical analysis of this study in terms of the statement of the problem, research questions, hypothesis, methodology, results and data analyses and finally the conclusion will be undertaken with an aim to obtain information that is important in the development and design of online learning environments. Statement of the Problem in the Study Won’s study identifies the lack of research into cognitive thinking of designers in computer-aided design as a major source of the problem statement for his study. The fact that computer-aided design is flourishing while research in sketching through conventional media-pen and paper is largely deficient is also identified as another major source of the problem statement (320). Research Questions A review of the study reveals that the major research question that guided the work was â€Å"when designers use the computer as sketching media in the step of concept generation, will cognition and thinking be the same as when using conventional media? If there are differences between the two kinds of media, what kind of differences will there be?† The authors also formulated a minor question for the study; â€Å"if designers use these two kinds of sketching media in the conception generation stage, will there be design performance differences?† (Won et al. 2008, p. 320). Study Objective and Hypothesis The authors identify their main objective as a research into the

Utilitarianism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Utilitarianism - Coursework Example ood would mean the opposite of minimizing suffering as that would be disregarding intensive research conducted by Stuart Mill and myriad philosophers. â€Å"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness (pleasure)† (Mill, 2005, P. 5). Promoting happiness; thus, pleasure, entails maximizing good deeds to a greater population while minimizing suffering in the same population. In the least terms, both the primary and secondary objectives are directly proportional to each other. It is impossible to do good without minimizing suffering. In fact, minimizing suffering among the greater population can be termed as maximizing good to the same population; hence, increased happiness and reduced pain. Utilitarianism lies in the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. â€Å"Do as you would be done by, and to love your neighbor as yourself† (Mill, 2005, P. 12). In the generic perspective, individual actions towards others ought to depict how others should act if they were to reciprocate on similar lines. Generating happiness entails both maximizing good to the greatest population and minimizing suffering in the same population. Humanity ought to be governed by love. If love for others measured similar to love towards self, everyone would generate happiness and reduce suffering. The two objectives of the doctrine cannot be analyzed separately rather co-jointly through a complex interplay of beliefs and ethical considerations. The interplay is evident from the activities conducted by members of the Unites States Congress. Both members of the Senate and the House of Representatives are elected to end suffering in the community in both the political, economic, and social spheres in addition to establishing bills and implementing laws to generate the greatest good for the greatest number. Such members are governed by ethics, with the doctrine of utilitarianism forming a significant proportion of their obligations. As stated earlier, minimizing suffering is

The business of fashion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The business of fashion - Case Study Example But fashion is not only associated to women always! In ancient times of Cleopatra, Scissors always wore clothes that were royal, expensive, stylistic, attractive and special. At the same Egyptian soil, the Pharaohs were never behind. The great Biblical Character of Moses, if taken as an Egyptian Prince, was always a portrayed, in tales and later in movies, in a charismatic outfit. While in the Western part of the globe, the Greeks and Romans not only marked high standards in Art, Architecture, and Warfare, but their unique and intricate concepts of a perfect and godlike human body, especially of males, supported the appealing army uniforms and court-wears. These ancient models are still the greatest sources of inspiration for modern day fashion designers and the origins of the evolved form of cultural trends prevailed through continents from Australia to America and from Asia to Africa. River Island is a UK based modern brand, spread over continents if not over centuries. It deals with everyday life in different ethnicities with diversity in cultures. It also considers the popular demands of its customers though this brand is wise enough to consider all aspects of cultural influences. Cultural influences are stronger when we consider the economic aspect of the fashion industry. Business needs market where it can present fresh ideas and products in every new day. Although in this global age, acculturation is very much on. But even then there are many cultural aspects that can instigate or impede certain trends. A colourful bikini is a great fashion market item in Western or secular and modern cultures, but it is almost a taboo in some rigid and fundamental areas. Contrary to that, a veil is popular in fundamental countries, but has no market in secular or modern world. However, so many fashion articles could get the status of cross-cultural ambition. Especially in ornaments, there is not much difference across the globe with exception of little diversity in shape, material and style. Earrings, bracelets, pendants, bangles and rings are always, and everywhere, in fashion since ages having big market scope in all societies and cultures. On the individual level, fashion is not just a simple word or an uncomplicated attitude, or even an overwhelming desire. Fashion is a multifarious dogma that can influence an individual in many ways. "As process it is [fashion] sustained through some complex amalgamation of inspiration, imitation and institutionalization, all of which seem necessary, even though the nature and degree of their fusion is, as we can infer from fashion history, quite variable." (Davis 123) Therefore, the multifaceted incorporation of fashion, where force an individual at the same time, it also institutionalise itself on many grounds. This institutionalisation is not only at the academic level, but due to its capacity of holding an individual, society, or even the whole world has created a huge market for investors. River Island, at the marketing end, developed

HR Planning and Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HR Planning and Recruitment - Essay Example This essay focuses on the Human Resource planning and recruitment, that is one of the crucial requirements of the organizations. The main reasons for ensuring effective management of the company’s personnel is that it ensures that there is adequate number of staff members. KFC is the best example among all the fast food restaurant chains as it has allocated sufficient amount of resources in its personnel. Every aspect of HR is adequately planned out so that the operations of the company are not impacted at all. Even the recruitment of employees is done in accordance to the international standards so that the right people are hired at all positions. In order to sustain the edge within the industry, it is vital for KFC to keep track of the changes taking place in the employment market. It has employed right resources for management of this crucial aspect of the organization and has successfully created a highly, efficient, proactive, sincere and loyal team of employees. Each of the personnel is committed to enhancing the organization’s image in the fast food industry. Hence, KFC has developed an effective HR department for managing its international operations successfully. The success of the company lies in its policy of developing an efficient, loyal and committed workforce by allocating adequate resources in its recruitment and selection process. Even the policies are developed in accordance to the latest market trends so that the gap between the demand and supply of personnel is appropriately planned out.

Unions and Health & safety - Unitarism & Pluralism Essay

Unions and Health & safety - Unitarism & Pluralism - Essay Example The trustworthiness of the employee is quite predictable in this type of Industries as both the association and the staff share a common goal and objectives among themselves. The general attitude of Unitarism is to maintain a cordial relationship between the two most pivotal pole of an organization, that is, the management and its human resources (Mc Carthy, n.d., p. 3). Pluralism is a political as well as social concept where people believe in representative democracy instead of direct democracy. In case of a workplace, the representative body is the trade union, which plays the role of a medium of communication between the workers and the owner or manager. Â  The trade union act as the voice of people to the management and also influence the staff when required being in the favor of the Organization. The direct communication between the employee and the employers are not possible in Pluralism, thus there is normally no common goal. This obviously increases the possibilities of con flict. (Reynolds, 1996) From 1950 both the ILO & WHO collectively aimed a general cause for health and safety in the working place, which ensure that a proper care (physical, mental and social) is to be provided to the workers, which will encourage the staff to carry out their job without any fear of getting injured and as a consequence productivity will not suffer. The objective to introduce health and safety in industrial area is to promote a fair and safe working environment (Policy Basis for a Regional Strategy, n.d., p.3). The worldwide acceptance of this perspective is quite evident with the worldwide implementation of different Acts and programs in this context. European Agency for Safety and Health at work was founded in 1996 in Europe. The Occupational Safety and Health Act was passed in 1970 by United States. Even countries like Malaysia, through DOSH (Department of Occupational Safety and Health) has enforced Factory and Machinery Act in 1969 and

MNC Enters India Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

MNC Enters India - Term Paper Example The company is basically involved in selling quality home furnishing products and home appliances among others through various franchises and retail outlets. The best aspect about this company is that its products are not very costly and thus are quite affordable. The company is responsible for attracting huge figure of consumers in its various retail outlets due to the deliverance of quality products to them and also complying with their requirements at large. It can be apparently viewed in this similar concern that the company was able to attract around 770 million of consumers who visited various retail outlets of IKEA in the year 2012. The company has a total of 338 stores and includes 154,000 co-workers (Inter IKEA Systems B.V., 2012). This part of the paper will entail the tracking of the exchange rate of Indian Rupee in relation to the US Dollar. It can be apparently observed in this regard that there have been a lot of fluctuations relating to India’s exchange rate. Presently, the value of Indian Rupee has fallen to a new record of 64 per dollar. The value of Rupee has been undergoing major turnarounds during the preceding two years due to the reason of weakening conduct of financial activities. It is even expected that the value of Rupee can fall to as low as 70 per dollar which can create a major turnaround in the currency exchange rate (YCharts, 2013). The following pictorial representation shows that the level up to which the value of Indian Rupees has increased. From the start of the year 2013, the value of Rupee has fallen and this trend is continuing. On the basis of the above discussion, it can be affirmed that due to much fluctuations or variations especially in the exchange rates, the financial condition of the nation i.e. of India has been adversely affected resulting in generating financial downturns by a considerable

5 Star Doctor Essay Example for Free

5 Star Doctor Essay First a good doctor should be knowledgeable and should always keep abreast of development in her field of expertise. She should be a skillful diagnostician. A good doctor should neither under prescribe or over prescribe medication to her patient as to make her own profit. Second, a good doctor should has high Emotional Quotient or EQ. Thats mean to be a doctor who had warmer personality, be a better listener and communicator beside emphathetic in communication patterns to restore a level of calm and confidence to the patient and make them feel that the doctor is for them. Third, a good doctor should also be a good philosopher. This means that, the doctor should treat the patients in a holistic way. The holistic way of treating patient is by treat the patient as a whole person instead just physical symptoms which is to counsel the patient on their diet, excersice and stress management instead of just give the patient their medicine. Fourth, a good doctor should able to be a person who is clear and logical in thinking, work with sincere heart, have skilled with hands for the surgery and easy to reach in case of emergency. The doctor would be humble and confident enough to collaborate with other doctors or senior doctors in medical community to tackle an illness which she is not uncertain about, in order to offer the best practices in management and treatment to the patients. Fifth, a good doctor should need the Five Star doctor qualities. Which are, improves the quality of care by responding to the patients total health needs with integrated preventive, curative and rehabilitatve services while considering the patients as an integral part of a family and community. Next is to make optimal use of new but cost- effective technologies, bearing in mind ethical and finacial consideratons and the ultimate benefits as well as costs to the patient and society. The doctor also promotes healthy life styles by effectively communicating with individuals and groups and empowering their own health protection and well- being. The Five-Star Doctor should reconciles individual and community health requirements, stiking a balance between patients expectations and those society at large. Beside that, the doctor is able to work and fuction efficiently and effectively in teams, both within and across the health sector and other socio- economic sectors influencing health. Another qualities a good doctor should has are sincere, dedicated, and courteous. He is able to complement his medical knowledge and clinical judgement with humanistic qualities of integrity, respect and compassion asn sees the patients as fellow human beings and not as a case with an illness. A Five- Star Doctor is one who not only demonstrate professional competence but also one who manifest personal qualities of patient, maturity and confident beside listen tentively to the patient to the patients complains and try to answer all their questions to the best of his knowledge. Sensitive to patient special needs, particularly their emotional needs and general well being. Avoids robotic prescription and drugs but rather, help the patients by identify the underlying couses of their promblems. Last but not least, a good doctor will treasure the relationship with the patients based upon mutual respect and open communication. The conclusions are as a medical doctor I need the learning skills and clinical skills to be a good and a Five Star doctor. Beside that, I also need to have high EQ or emotional qualities to gain the trust from my patients and colleagues. This is important because without them who am I? Thats all from me thank you.

Natural Language Processing Scope English Language Essay

Natural Language Processing Scope English Language Essay Abstract: The challenging sphere of natural language processing has been a major concern in the field of computer science and artificial intelligence since the late 40s. It encompasses the next strive forward in artificial intelligence to make computers and human interface more flexible and human understandable. Various methods were adopted since its inscription like machine translation, speech recognition, e-teaching, auto tutor etc. Researchers saw it as a likely bridge between human spoken language and computers which used programming languages and binary codes. As mentioned earlier, it is still a challenging task of making a computer to understand human natural language as such. Hence, further enhancements and techniques will foster the demanding yet fruitful and futuristic computational trends. Keywords: NLP Natural Language Processing, Semantic, Syntactic, Lexical, Phonology, MT Machine Translation Introduction: The computational scheme has evolved from basic set of instructions in the form of binary codes to mnemonic instruction codes to programming languages that have prevailed intensively during the later part of twentieth century. Along that evolution came the inspirational research on making the computer understand natural human language and interact with the humans in short applying natural language processing to normal computer usage and beyond. Natural language processing can be defined as a theoretical approach enclosing analysis and manipulation of natural language texts usually spoken by humans. This is done at various levels of linguistic analysis in order to attain a human-like approach to processing of tasks and other problems. It must be noted that NLP is not a single defined standard system but a collection of numerous language processing techniques and methods. Also, in view of facilitating the user and standing true to the name, texts must be of natural language usage and not a set of selected texts that could be used for processing. Because, the later approach would certainly forgo the real meaning of natural language processing. In any NLP system, various levels of linguistic analysis of the text are performed. This is done because humans usually breakup linguistic texts into various levels and then process or understand the language. Human-like approach and processing in the NLP systems are considered as an integral part of AI. The applications of NLP are versatile and are currently being researched and implemented in fields like military science, security systems, virtual reality simulation, medicine and regular computer science and artificial intelligence. The techniques and approaches that have been used or researched so far form the basic platform of NLP. Some of them are based on classification of natural linguistic phonology, morphology, lexical variations, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic levels. Some of the notable works done in this field are: Machine Translation Weaver and Booth (1946) Syntactic Structures Chomsky (1957) Case grammar Fillmore Semantic Networks Quillain Conceptual Dependency Schank Augmented Transition Networks Woods Functional Grammar Kay Also that there have been famous prototypes developed to highlight the impact of particular techniques and principles. They are: ELIZA Weizenbaum SHRDLU Winograd PARRY LUNAR Woods The scope of the article revolves around the evolution of NLP and its implementation in security systems. Methods: Strata of natural language processing: The optimal descriptive way of putting forward the actions that are going on in natural language processing system is through the strata of natural language processing. During the early days of natural language processing, it was held that the different data of natural language processing followed a sequential pattern. But current Psycholinguistic researches have revealed that the system follows rather a synchronic pattern. This is because humans use all of the strata of language processing and they dont follow a sequential pattern. For this reason, in order to achieve high efficiency of NLP system more strata of language processing must be adopted. This stratum deals with the interpretation of speech sounds within and across words. There are three types of rules that are typically used: 1) Phonetic rules for sounds within words 2) Phonemic rules for variations of pronunciation when words are spoken together 3) Prosodic rules for fluctuation in stress and intonation across a sentence. Morphology This strata deal with the componential nature of words, which are composed of morphemes the smallest units of meaning. For example, the word postproduction can be morphologically analyzed into three separate morphemes: the prefix post, the root product and the suffix tion. Since the meaning of each morpheme remains the same across words, humans break down an unknown word into its constituent morphemes in order to understand its meaning. In the same way, an NLP system recognizes the meaning given by each morpheme in order to achieve and interpret meaning. Lexical Both the humans and NLP systems at this stratum, interpret the meaning of individual words. Several types of processing contribute to word-level understanding the first of these being assignment of a single part-of-speech tag to each word. In this processing, words that can function as more than one part-of-speech are assigned the most probable part-of speech tag based on the context in which they occur. Moreover at the lexical stratum, those words that have only one possible sense or meaning can be replaced by a semantic representation of that meaning. The nature of the representation varies according to the semantic theory utilized in the NLP system. One can notice that, a single lexical unit is split into its more basic properties. If there is a set of semantic primitives used across all words, these simplified lexical representations make it possible to unify meaning across words and to produce complex interpretations, much the same as humans do. Syntactic The concept of analysing the sentence by looking into the grammatical composition of a sentence and its dependency is used here. This needs both grammar and a parser. The output achieved here is a representation of the sentence that gives the structural dependency relationships between the words. The efficiency of a parser depends on the different grammars used. Not all NLP applications require a full parse of sentences, therefore the remaining challenges in parsing of prepositional phrase attachment and conjunction scoping no longer stymie those applications for which phrasal and clausal dependencies are sufficient. Syntax conveys meaning in most languages because order and dependency contribute to meaning. For example the two sentences: I smoked a cigarette. and The cigarette smoked me. differ only in terms of syntax, but convey contrasting meanings. Semantic This is the strata at which most people think meaning is determined, however, as we can see in the above defining of the stratum, it is all the levels that contribute to meaning. Semantic processing determines the possible meanings of a sentence by focusing on the interactions among word-level meanings in the sentence. This level of processing can include the semantic disambiguation of words with multiple senses; in an analogous way to how syntactic disambiguation of words that can function as multiple parts-of-speech is accomplished at the syntactic level. Semantic disambiguation permits one and only one sense of polysemous words to be selected and included in the semantic representation of the sentence. For example, amongst other meanings, file as a noun can mean either a folder for storing papers, or a tool to shape ones fingernails, or a line of individuals in a queue. If information from the rest of the sentence were required for the disambiguation, the semantic, not the lexical level, would do the disambiguation. A wide range of methods can be implemented to accomplish the disambiguation, some which require information as to the frequency with which each sense occurs in a particular corpus of interest, or in general usage, some which require consideration of the local context, and others which utilize pragmatic knowledge of the domain of the document. Discourse While syntax and semantics work with sentence-length units, the discourse level of NLP works with units of text longer than a sentence. That is, it does not interpret multisentence texts as just concatenated sentences, each of which can be interpreted singly. Rather, discourse focuses on the properties of the text as a whole that convey meaning by making connections between component sentences. Several types of discourse processing can occur at this level, two of the most common being anaphora resolution and discourse/text structure recognition. Anaphora resolution is the replacing of words such as pronouns, which are semantically vacant, with the appropriate entity to which they refer (30). Discourse/text structure recognition determines the functions of sentences in the text, which, in turn, adds to the meaningful representation of the text. For example, newspaper articles can be deconstructed into discourse components such as: Lead, Main Story, Previous Events, Evaluation, Attributed Quotes, and Expectation. Pragmatic This level is concerned with the purposeful use of language in situations and utilizes context over and above the contents of the text for understanding The goal is to explain how extra meaning is read into texts without actually being encoded in them. This requires much world knowledge, including the understanding of intentions, plans, and goals. Some NLP applications may utilize knowledge bases and inferencing modules. For example, the following two sentences require resolution of the anaphoric term they, but this resolution requires pragmatic or world knowledge. Natural Language processing in textual information retrieval As the reader has probably already deduced, the complexity associated with natural language is especially key when retrieving textual information [Baeza-Yates, 1999] to satisfy a users information needs. This is why in Textual Information Retrieval, NLP techniques are often used [Allan, 2000] both for facilitating descriptions of document content and for presenting the users query, all with the aim of comparing both descriptions and presenting the user the documents that best satisfy their information needs. In other words, a textual information retrieval system carries out the following tasks in response to a users query: Indexing the collection of documents: in this phase, NLP techniques are applied to generate an index containing document descriptions. Normally each document is described through a set of terms that, in theory, best represents its content. When a user formulates a query, the system analyses it, and if necessary, transforms it with the hope of representing the users information needs in the same way as the document content is represented. The system compares the description of each document with that of the query, and presents the user with those documents whose descriptions are closest to the query description. The results are usually listed in order of relevancy, that is, by the level of similarity between the document and query descriptions. C:UsershpDesktopUntitled.bmp The architecture of an information retrieval system As of now there are no NLP techniques that allow us to extract a documents or querys meaning without any mistakes. In fact, the scientific community is divided on the procedure to follow in reaching this goal. In the following section we will explain the functions and peculiarities of the two key approaches to natural language processing: a statistical approach and a linguistic focus. Both proposals differ considerably, even though in practice natural language processing systems use a mixed approach, combining techniques from both focuses. CONCLUSION: Despite the useful universal aspect of programming languages, these languages are still understood only by very few people, unlike the natural languages which are understood by all. The ability to turn natural into programming languages will eventually decrease the gap between very few and all, and open the benefits of computer programming to a larger number of users. In this paper, we showed how current state of-the-art techniques in natural language processing can allow us to devise a system for natural language programming that addresses both the descriptive and procedural programming paradigms. The output of the system consists of automatically generated program skeletons, which were shown to help non-expert programmers in their task of describing algorithms in a programmatic way. As it turns out, advances in natural language processing helped the task of natural language programming. But we believe that natural language processing could also benefit from natural language programming. The process of deriving computer programs starting with a natural language text implies a plethora of sophisticated language processing tools such as syntactic parsers, clause detectors, argument structure identifiers, semantic analyzers, methods for co reference resolution, and so forth which can be effectively put at work and evaluated within the framework of natural language programming. We thus see natural language programming as a potential large scale end-user (or rather, end computer) application of text processing tools, which puts forward challenges for the natural language processing community and could eventually trigger advances in this field.

Applying Theory To Practice Problem Nursing Essay

Applying Theory To Practice Problem Nursing Essay This paper focuses on use of Betty Neuman systems Model in practice using a case study. The model focuses to finding a solution for a patient is none compliance with his care at home after being discharged. This case is a case that involves a patent who is discharged from hospital after treatment for a cognitive heart failure. The patient none compliance involves the continuing with the habit of smoking. This habit results chest pains which are because of the smoking habits. This model is selected for the practice to reflect the congruency that exists between the practitioners values and the assumptions of the model. The Neuman model perceived clients as being in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the environment. The environment is also considered a perceptual field that surrounds each person. Neumann has focused on the stress factors and the reaction of each person to the condition that bring about the stress. She brought forth the conviction that stress factors comprise the environment. The further argued that the disequilibrium in the body system that is caused the stress as a tension. This tension act as the stimuli, which has the potential of causing the illness to the individual that, is suffering from the stress. The environment is subdivided into two components that include the internal and external factor. The internal factors comprises of the forces that occur within an individual or intrapersonal stress factor. In our case, the example is smoking which the patient is involved in after being discharged. The external environment consists of interpersonal stress factors that result from interaction with other individuals. This is in terms of changes in the roles that can bring about stress to an individual. The physiological issues in patient perspective involve things like the ability to see, hear, and have mobility. There other things like the ability to breath, sleeping, feeling, eating, speaking, and the vital signs. This variable focuses on the physiological well being of the patient. By ensuring, that all this things are in appropriate in the patient the health can be guaranteed the way for them. The psychological variables involve the non-verbal behavior, attitudes, coping pattern, and response to stress. These things focus on the psychological status of the patient. Therefore, by ensuring that the patient psychological status is appropriate one can be able to facilitate the things that ensure the well-being of the patient is considered. There are various expectations in this variable that are recognized through evaluation of the patients behaviors and the way the patient handle stress. The social variable reflects much on the individuals values and culture. This is by exploring the social and cultural functions of the individual. This can be mainly approached in terms of the way this functionality influences the life of the individual. There are certain cultural believes that affect the life of a given individual negatively in terms of undergoing the medication. This is by getting involved in things that affect their well-being after the discharge form hospital. The other dimension is the developmental variable, which focuses on the process of life in an individual. This is in terms of the factors that are related to the present situation and they have an influence on the situation. The developmental dimensions in the human life make them to move from one stage in life to the other as time goes by. Therefore, the main objective of this variable is to determine how this change of development is affecting the particular patient in the problem. The other variable, which is considered significant in the life of a patient, is the spiritual variable. This focuses on the aspect of spirituality on a continuum from entire awareness of an individual. The patient may also be in a condition of denial to a consciously developed high level of spiritual understanding. There is a lot of usefulness to understand the spiritual well being of the patient since it can also contribute to the provision of quality health care services that will be beneficial to them. There is a way that a client perceives a stressor. In our case, the patient is concern about the fact that he had experienced the chest pain. This problem interfered with the way he undertook his daily activities before he was hospitalized. The patient can even find it hard to do all he wanted to do. This experience with a health problem is difficult to describe how he is planning to deal with other situation. His expectations are to carry on with his daily routine after being discharged from the hospital and recovering. It would be definitely be a source of stress if he does not manage to accomplish what he intend to after the experience with the illness. There is also a way in which a nurse perceives the stressors which is different from the perspective of the patient. The perception is through assessment of the patient by the nurse concerning the problem he is experiencing. According to the nurse perspective, the patient is not able to alter the way of living after the hospitalization. This becomes the reason why the patient is still suffering from the chest pains. It is evident that is the patient is continuing with the initial habit of smoking he is still bound to continue experiencing the pains in the chest. This is despite the fact that the individual have never coped with the same problem in the past. Therefore, the nurse perceives the stressor as being the behaviors that the patient gets involved in after the discharge from the hospital. There are short-term goals that the nurses focus on achieving in order for them to ensure that the patient has received quality health care. One of these goals is for the patient to stop suffering from this chest pains. The other goal is to make the patient to learn to live in a way that will facilitate his recovery. The next goal is to facilitate the increase of the tolerance of the patient to his daily activity. There are also some long-term goals that the nurses are focused on achieving in terms of treating the patient. These long-term goals entail the creation of an optimal degree of harmony and balanced between his external and internal environment. This is in terms seizing smoking habit, attaining the deal weight and development of a lifestyle which commensurate with a satisfying and fulfilling retirement. The nurses are also bound to prevent the invasion of stressors by providing the resources that strengthen the patients system and coping with positive functioning. This is though motivating the patient and using stress as a positive intervention strategy. The nurses can also engage in mobilizing the patients internal and external resources focusing on the achieving stability. They can also seek to maintain the stability through educating and reorienting the patients system as required. Conclusively, this model is considered to provide a reliable guide of different levels of nursing education. The models have managed to incorporate all the significant variables that enable the patient to improve in their conditions. The model lastly focuses on the way the patient can be encouraged to be involved in a good lifestyle. Â   Â   Â   Â  

insider trading :: essays research papers

Preliminary Note to Rule 10b5-1: This provision defines when a purchase or sale constitutes trading "on the basis of" material nonpublic information in insider trading cases brought under Section 10(b) of the Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. The law of insider trading is otherwise defined by judicial opinions construing Rule 10b-5, and Rule 10b5-1 does not modify the scope of insider trading law in any other respect. a. General. The "manipulative and deceptive devices" prohibited by Section 10(b) of the Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder include, among other things, the purchase or sale of a security of any issuer, on the basis of material nonpublic information about that security or issuer, in breach of a duty of trust or confidence that is owed directly, indirectly, or derivatively, to the issuer of that security or the shareholders of that issuer, or to any other person who is the source of the material nonpublic information. b. Definition of "on the basis of." Subject to the affirmative defenses in paragraph (c) of this section, a purchase or sale of a security of an issuer is "on the basis of" material nonpublic information about that security or issuer if the person making the purchase or sale was aware of the material nonpublic information when the person made the purchase or sale. c. Affirmative defenses. 1. i. Subject to paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, a person's purchase or sale is not "on the basis of" material nonpublic information if the person making the purchase or sale demonstrates that: A. Before becoming aware of the information, the person had: 1. Entered into a binding contract to purchase or sell the security, 2. Instructed another person to purchase or sell the security for the instructing person's account, or 3. Adopted a written plan for trading securities; B. The contract, instruction, or plan described in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this Section: 1. Specified the amount of securities to be purchased or sold and the price at which and the date on which the securities were to be purchased or sold; 2. Included a written formula or algorithm, or computer program, for determining the amount of securities to be purchased or sold and the price at which and the date on which the securities were to be purchased or sold; or 3. Did not permit the person to exercise any subsequent influence over how, when, or whether to effect purchases or sales; provided, in addition, that any other person who, pursuant to the contract, instruction, or plan, did exercise such influence must not have been aware of the material nonpublic information when doing so; and

Essay --

Book Review of January by: Elizabeth Nguyen 8B â€Å"Henry Ford† by Regina Z. Kelly is a non-fiction biography, which follows the life of a clever man born in a town called Greenfield Township, Michigan. This book revolves around Henry’s personal life, his successes, and the problems he faced. Henry was born on July 30, 1863. Over the years, Henry always had a small talent creating and fixing devices. Although he was never the best at literature, he usually found an interest in mechanical things as he grew up. He detested farming, but loved how mechanics worked. In 1879, he decided that he wanted to go work in a mechanic shop in Detroit. He started in the Michigan Car Company, and as the years passed he worked at others, like the Edison Illuminating Company, ran by Thomas Edison. On New Year’s Eve in 1885, Henry met an eighteen year old girl named Clara Bryant, who he soon married three years later. Clara was one of the key people in this book, by being a great supporter to his ideas, even if they seemed unbelievable. Especially the one about the â€Å"horseless carriage.† It was an idea that Henry had thought of. He wanted to create an automobile that wasn’t dependant on horses but rather something better. He soon began to undertake experiments to tr y to create his first automobile. When he personally met Thomas Edison, he gained his approval of Henry’s first automobile he made, and from that day, they grew a strong relationship with each other. They always supported and spent quality time with each other. After resigning from the Edison Illuminating Company in August 15, 1899, The Ford Motor Company was incorporated in 1903 with him and along with others. The Fo... ...gh man who was an executive of the business. Not many people liked him; Henry was only one of his close friends. For me, I would recommend this to other people only under a few circumstances. I find that biographies wouldn’t be a first choice for me, since I’m not really fond with them, unless it’s anyone I find intriguing. Yet, some people may be up for this type of book ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€ personal preference right? Ideally, the ones who enjoy biographies that tell the experiences of people who made an impact on the world would like this. But also, anyone who’s inspired to be a mechanic or a business person would enjoy this book, as they can get an idea of what might be happening in a business environment. Lastly, people ages ten and up will be able to read this book. Any person younger than that may not be able to understand the vocabulary and the main purpose of this biography.

Curley’s Wife “Of Mice and Men”

In Of Mice and Men, character symbolism lets the reader see what life was like in the 1930’s. Many of the characters portray a certain person that could have been living in the 1930’s. This book is about the adventures of two men, George Milton and the mentally disabled Lennie Small.They were migrant workers who had to search for work during the Great Depression. You see the friendship between the two men, and how they care for each other and try to protect each other. Author John Steinbeck does a great job of expressing character symbolism in the story.He shows how back then, the American dream was extremely hard to accomplish because of The Great Depression, and unequal rights towards women and the mentally different. Curley’s wife symbolizes how women were treated in the 1930’s. In the 1930’s women were treated as objects.They had no rights or freedom. It was impossible for women to accomplish the American dream, because woman were property of a man, giving them no independence to be something other than a housewife.My first example on how Curley’s wife was treated as an object is simply in her name, she doesn’t have one. In the story Curley’s wife is addressed as Curley’s wife. You never find out her name. This gave her and all women a persona of worthlessness, that they were just put on the earth to be mistreated housewives and not have anywhere close to the same opportunities as men. Since women didn’t have many opportunities besides prostitution, Curley’s wife didn’t have much of an exciting life. When her husband Curley was not around she would get lonely.In this quote, Curley’s wife expresses her loneliness, â€Å"’I get lonely,' she said ‘you can talk to people, but I can't talk to nobody but Curley, else he gets mad. How'd you like not to talk to nobody? ‘† (Steinbeck 87) Curley’s wife says this quote when all the men went to to wn, including her husband.It shows that she spends all her time alone, in her house as the men work in the fields. She is also not allowed to talk to anyone but her husband who spends all of this time in the fields, so she feels like she is living alone all her life.Many people dreamed for the American dream, especially Curley’s wife. Curley’s wife dreamed of being a highly paid actress. In this quote Curley;s wife is expressing her dream of being an actress,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Coulda been in the movies, an' had nice clothes †¦ An' I coulda sat in them big hotels, an' had pitchers took of me.When they had them previews I coulda went to them, an' spoke in the radio, an' it wouldn'ta cost me a cent because I was in the pitcher. †¦ Because this guys says I was a natural. ’† (Steinbeck 88) Here she is dreaming of a better life than the one she has now.But because of the time period it was very hard for women to accomplish their dreams let alone be allowed to have them. In Of Mice and Men, character symbolism lets the reader see what life was like in the 1930’s. Curley;s wife symbolized the level of equality that women had in the time period that took place in the story.Women were property and objects. Steinbeck does a great job of symbolism of women through Curley’s wife. He shows how back then, the American dream was extremely hard to accomplish because of The Great Depression, and unequal rights towards women and the mentally different.

Horse Jumping

Horse jumping Many people may say that it’s a dangerous sport and that you have to be crazy for doing it but, after they try it once they won’t leave it. Risking your life is worth it when you find passion on and over the horse, finding lots of new, rich and encouraging experiences that will make you grow as a person and as a rider; as, when you jump, you need to be focused, you even forget about problems you may have, it helps you not being a rancorous person. When you jump once you want to jump twice, the sensation is amazing, and after a while it becomes addictive; that’s something I’ve learned from this wonderful activity. Horse jumping doesn’t have an exact date of beginning, but we can say that after the second half of the XVIII century this sport was practiced during the hunting activity. Since then the horse’s breeds have been taken care of, within the proper horse training; all of this to get a better speed and physic ability for jumping and getting the actual bases for modern horse jumping; nowadays there are two types of horse jumping contests, one that is based on jumping a single obstacle starting in 1. 0 meters high, and the other one that is based on jumping several obstacles (mostly ten) starting in 0. 70 meters, over to 1. 70 meters. You can learn how to recover from a fall (physically and metaphorically), even though it’s pretty hard; because for being successful in any activity you need to learn how to step up and continue with the same courage you started, I can say that with horse jumping I have proved to myself that the phrase â€Å"what doesn’t kill you m akes you stronger† is absolutely right, after falling down you need to go over the same obstacle with more concentration and strength. That’s how many world champions have gotten were they got, as Rodrigo Pessoa from Brazil, who was claimed champion in 1998 with his horse Gandini Lianos, or as Jos Lansink, who was claimed champion in 2006 with his horse Cavalor; they are a couple of the latest world champions in a contest that is done every 4 years and is organized by the FEI (International Equestrian Federation). The contests are ualified based on penalties, which you get when your horse refuse to an obstacle, when you confuse the sequence, when you fall down, or when you jump over the obstacle but one of the wood sticks falls down; each of this penalties is worth 4 points, when you get 12 points in penalties you are disqualified from the contest; if there is a tie (which normally happens), the time that each of the riders lasted is taken care of and the one with shortest time wins. Horse jumping shows you how to get rid of any kind of heart feelings, I have learned that after been betrayed by anyone you need to forgive them and try it again, been more careful, but trusting on them after all, when your horse refuses to jump you need to try it again been more focused and having all the control on your hands. That’s how Alberto Larraguibel broke the horse jumping record in Vina del Mar with his horse Huaso jumping an obstacle of 2. 47 meters high; there had been higher records, but none of them have been in an official competition; the FEI has established that the next world’s record should be over the 2. 49 meters high. I used to do horse jumping about half a year ago, I used to do it for a long time, and this activity has proved me that I’m able to do things that I wouldn’t have imagined I could; it has helped me to get rid of some fears that I had, and basically to risk myself for discovering lots of new things and sensations that the world can offer me. For doing horse jumping you need to have the horse riding pants, a security helmet, a short whip, horseback riding boots, riding gloves, and for preparing the horse you will need a bridal halter, the horse seat equipment and the horse seat, as an external equipment you will need the obstacle. The sensation of being on the air over such a big animal, after a while becomes addictive; when you jump all the adrenaline or fear from the preparing is vanished, and after doing it for the first time not only the preparation fear is gone and the post jumping satisfaction is amazing, you feel capable of doing more, and within that, lots of your life fears are gone; in my experience before doing this I was scared from horses, but I ended up loving them, loving the sensation, and been more open minded in oing other kind of riskful activities that can offer you invaluable sensations; I think horses are beautiful animals, and besides their enchantment I am completely amazed about the fact of controlling such a big animal to even make them jump. I’ve learned to love nature and all the wonderful things you can find on it, this is the principal reason why this is my passion. Bibliography: en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Show_jumping www. horsesport. org/ www. ecuadorecuestre. com/†¦ /F EI_WORLD_CHALLENGE_DE_ADIESTRAMIENTO_2010

Barriers to identifying and Treating Older Adults with Substance abuse Problems

Substance abuse among older adults is a serious social problem. Detection of this problem, according to specialists, is hampered by barriers . This is all the more serious considering the fact that substance abuse is a serious problem among older adults but is seldom addressed because of the barriers. The need to identify and break down the barriers is important because it is important to identify and cure substance abuse patients from older adult age group bracket.This is to consider the implications of such condition to older adults – impairment of senses and mental capabilities; the health danger of mixing alcohol and other substance with medication older adults take; the threat of malnutrition considering the inability of the body to take in food; and lastly, the consideration on overall physiological effects of substance to the aging body which deteriorates because of old age and the everyday wear and tear. This is an important consideration why it is important to identif y the barriers that hinder or hamper the identification and cure of older adults suffering from substance abuse.II. Discussion Many research endeavors and researchers have already ascertained the fact that substance abuse is a problem among older adults who are addicted to different substances like alcohol as well as prescription drugs and illegal drugs. Studies are already available regarding the number of older adults in the society who are suffering from this problem . The complex way of life and how way of life differs from one place to another depending on and based from customs, tradition, cultural characteristics, etc. , has strongly affected many important aspects of life.Many professionals believe that this consideration plays an important role in the condition of the society being unable to identify older adults with substance abuse because of perceived barriers. It is important to know what these barriers are, discuss and analyze them to be able to understand these barrie rs and if possible provide solutions so that these barriers are removed and the health of the people with substance abuse problems be allowed to improve through intervention. What exactly are these barriers that hinder the identification and treatment of older adults with substance abuse problems?A. Psychological barriers Psychological barriers are present in this condition. Older adults tend to have psychological issues leading to their cases of substance abuse, as well as psychological issues when it comes to coming out and seeking help for their problem. Often, they have preconceived notions about how the society will treat them if they openly discuss their problems with substance abuse especially considering the stigma that substance abuse and the society places on the individual. Because of that, they are not overly enthused in seeking help.â€Å"Compared to younger adults, older adults are less likely to seek out and use mental health or substance abuse services . † For example, they might have the tendency to feel that professionals may look at their case as hopeless and useless to cure since they are already old and have only few years to live that intervention would have little effect. Others think that admitting substance abuse at this stage is something that is shameful. There are many other preconceived notions that deter individuals to come forward.More importantly, it is hard for those suffering from substance abuse to admit that they are addicted and for them to accept cure. This is a significant barrier. This is deterrent enough for these people to hide in the shadows. When they do, professionals, who try to seek them out, finds it more and more difficult to do so. Because of this, psychological consideration becomes a significant barrier in identifying and treating older adults with substance abuse problems. This psychological and social condition results to two things which strongly affect the efforts to identify and treat older adults with substance abuse problems.First is the lack of cooperative instincts or tendencies on the part of the individual or his or her close family and friends because of the feared repercussions. Second is the absence of the voluntary action to come forward and instead undertake efforts to further shield this addiction from being detected by professionals. Analysts are already conscious of this problem and barrier and are already suggesting ways to counter this, like the identification of ideal and useful approaches to this. Barriers are identified and later on removed and resolved to help the older adults.â€Å"In addressing alcohol problems or prescription medication misuse in later life, the use of nonjudgmental, motivational approaches can be a key to successfully engaging these patients in-care . † B. Target population Another barrier is the focus on target population. Often, adults, especially older adults, are perceived as individuals who are already capable, in control and are not as prone to substance abuse compared to younger adults who are in the early or middle part of their career, or even underage individuals who are more vulnerable to the temptations of substance abuse.This creates a misguided focus. Professionals and the society often look at a particular demographic alone and often ignores the older adult group in this kind of problem. This focus on traditional target demographics limits. Even blinds, professionals from exploring older adult groups, and the medical community should reevaluate paradigms, break traditional notions and stereotypes and consider the fact that every age group that is capable of accessing and ingesting substance that could lead to abuse can be an ideal target for substance abuse patients.In many research studies as well as in popular culture and mass media, often, the individuals portrayed as suffering from substance abuse are young to middle age adults. Efforts to study and identify substance abuse are often fo cused on selected groups and often not including older adults. C. Screening and social indicators Social indicators also mislead professionals into believing older adults are sober and are not explored for cases of substance abuse. According to professionals, social indicators like substance abuse symptoms seen at work, in the neighborhood, on the road, etc are often not common with older adults.This means older adults aren't the target of complaints for poor performance at work because of substance use and abuse; families and friends seldom complain about older adults in the household suffering from substance abuse, etc. â€Å"Older adult drinkers tend to have fewer social indicators of abuse . † Of course, this is not to mention that there are fewer indicators among this group of people considering how they are grossly outnumbered by the youth and the young adult and how figures involving older adults are overlooked.Those from younger age groups are bigger and appear more s erious, more chronic and more important, which is an incorrect perspective. What also hinders professionals from identifying and treating older adults with substance abuse is the screening process. Professionals believe that the social condition often makes older adults as individuals who are not commonly screened for any physiological or psychological signs of addiction. â€Å"It is second barrier that elders are not routinely screened for alcohol abuse by medical and mental health providers .† There are many reasons as to why this is the case. For example, it is convenient to explore the possibility that screening is often focused on younger individuals who are more vulnerable to substance abuse than older adults, creating a practice wherein older adults are often not subjected to screening. III. Conclusion Substance abuse is a serious problem. This is a kind of problem that is not limited only to young individuals but to adults and the older adults as well, including the e lderly.Evidently, there remains many significant barriers that make it difficult for professionals to identify cases of substance abuse among older adults and enforce medical as well as psychological intervention on the matter. These barriers are not easily broken down. It needs to be identified first and it is often deeply entrenched and deeply buried in the socio cultural practice and way of life of the people. Such barrier becomes formidable and hinders the entry of substance abuse recovery and rehabilitation assistance from professionals.In the end, what is important is not the mere identification of the presence of a barrier or certain barriers. More importantly, it is important to know how these barriers can be broken so that older adults with substance abuse problems are identified and provided with medical attention, care and intervention they needed to get over this kind of mental and physical health problem. On a positive light, it is indeed good to know that somehow, prof essionals are showing new ways and methods to identify substance abuse among older adults , which is significant in fighting off the barriers and allowing identification and intervention to take place.To identify the barriers and more importantly to address them by acting upon it to remove such barriers, it is important that change takes place: change in the perspective and outlook of the medical professionals; change in the perspective and outlook of health care individuals and entities; and most importantly, change in perspective and outlook of the people and the society in general so that identification is easier and the intervention administered faster and more efficiently. References Doweiko, H. E. (2006). Concepts of chemical dependency.California: Cengage. Edelman, C. L. and Mandle, C. L. (2005). Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span. Pennsylvania: Elsevier Health Sciences. Hales, R. E. and Yudofsky, S. C. (2004). Essentials of clinical psychiatry. Virginia: American Psyc hiatric Publication. Maddux, J. E. and Winstead, B. A. (2007). Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding. New Jersey: CRC Press. Ries, R. K. , Miller, S. , Fiellin, D. A. and Saitz, R. (2009). Principles of Addiction Medicine. Pennsylvania: Wolters Kluwer Health.