Write about this picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Write about this picture - Essay Example The first picture is of a woman seemingly suspending on the air with cactus plants around her. The first picture I get when I look at the picture is that the lady is extraordinary. Therefore, the picture is drawn in an era when there are beliefs on extraordinary events. Cactus in most cases is a sign of a dry area like a desert. The woman, therefore, could have been from an area of drought. The cactus also represents challenges and hardships. Interesting enough the lady seems to be unbothered by the situation surrounding her. She seems to have been raised up from the ground. In my view, it shows some form of victory. The woman seems to worry less about the things surrounding her. The colors used in the picture are also a depiction of some form of victory and joy. The colors forming the surrounding areas show some form of darkness that comes along with fear and uncertainty. The lady seems not to be worried by any of these. The cloth that covers her also shows some form of protection a nd defense from any forms of attacks as the cloth covers her. The second picture too seems to be of the same lady. The angle that the neck has bent is almost the same as that of the lady in the picture with a frame on it. There are thorns that surround the second picture and beyond the thorns are a black figure that in my view seems to be an evil ghost. The black color and other dark color combination greatly brings the meaning that is expected to be derived from the picture, The picture seems to be of older centuries when there was high belief in superstition and religious devotions. The lady in the second picture seems to be undisturbed by the challenges and threats that surround her. She seems to be protected from the challenges that face her. The picture colors used show the audience that the picture is of older times (Powda, 2013). In my analysis and research, there seems to be a connection between the lady in the picture and the religious

The play Essay Example for Free

The play Essay The play is set in the Dublin slums or tenements in the years of the Iris Civil War 1922 and 1923. The whole play centers on the Boyle family. Juno Boyle is married to Boyle who calls himself Captain Boyle. Boyle is a useless and irresponsible drunkard who shuns the reality of work at every stage in the play, and spends his time in the pub drinking with his friend Joxer Daly. The Boyles have two children Johnny and Mary. Johnny is a sickly individual who has been involved in the Republican movement but he ended up betraying a comrade by the name of Tancred. Johnny spends his days locked up in the house fearful of his life. His mother Juno is a selfless character who is concerned all the time about other people. Juno’s daughter Mary is deeply concerned about appearances. She is a shallow character who seems to judge people and things from the outside. When we meet her at the beginning of the play, we learn she is on strike because of the dismissal of a young girl called Jenny Claffey. Yet we are told from Juno how Mary never had a good word to say about Jenny Claffey in her whole life. The family are told that they will inherit money from a distant relative who has died. Bentham is the solicitor who informs them of this fact. He begins to have a relationship with Mary and she becomes pregnant. Bentham shortly after this abandons her. The Boyles begin to borrow money and accumulate a great deal of debts. The legacy never materializes, and the Boyles are forced to return the borrowed goods. Johnny is dragged off to be shot for the betrayal of Tancred. Juno finally realizes that Boyle will never take on his responsibilities as father and breadwinner and so she leaves him and sets up home with Mary. Themes/Issues Poverty This theme dominates the play at every level. The whole play highlights the cruel irony that while many people were fighting for ideals and principles there were others who were suffering from the debilitating effects of the poverty. Because of the negative effects generated by poverty escapism assumes a major and dramatic element in the lives of characters. Mary’s tragic situation occurs because of poverty. When it becomes clear that the Boyles will not inherit any legacy, Bentham disappears forever abandoning Mary alone to have her baby. Jerry Devine standards of what are essential features in a husband are set out in terms of money. At one stage he tells Mary how the job is worth 3 50 Juno who is the only character rooted in the harsh practical everyday world of necessity realizes that money, hard work, and responsible social commitment are stronger and more realistic values in this world than principles and ideals. Her pragmatic stance on how principles won’t pay butchers is in striking contrast to the incessant evasion from reality inherent in all of the other characters. Religion The theme of Religion is also a dominant feature in the play. The play is set against a strong Catholic background. O Casey makes frequent use of images of Our Lady and the votive light to project an air of realism and authenticity in the play. There are also a variety of different religions, and attitudes expressed throughout the play. One of O Casey’s chief mottos in the play seems to show the co- existence of strong religious convictions, together with a sincere and humane commitment to one’s fellowman. Juno’s faith is sincere, authentic, and traditional. She believes on Johnny’s death that God can do nothing against the stupidity of men, that her husband should be praying novenas for a job, and that what Ireland needs is more piety. On the other hand, Bentham espouses a religion by the name of Theosophy. This is projected as vague and abstract and certainly seems to be compatible with his own shallow commitment to people. Reality and Fantasy The play dramatizes the conflict between the dream world and the world of reality and shows what happens when a character is stripped of his illusions and forced to face reality. Boyle the ‘poseur’ or Paycock struts throughout the world of the play on a false and imaginary sense of his own self- importance. His whole life and career consist in fabricating dreams of his gallant years as a captain fighting heroic feats and sailing the oceans of the world. The news of the legacy provides another outlet to Boyle’s habitual evasion of reality, he sees himself as a potential investor on the Stock Exchange. His whole life is a lie. His pains, which are invented for the sake of shirking and avoiding work, become real to him. His refuses to face up to the truth and reality about Bentham and the deception surrounding the news of the will. When reality invades at the conclusion of the play in the form of Mary’s pregnancy and the actual removal of his material possessions, Boyle is unable to cope. His final entrance dramatized in a drunken fragmentary soliloquy is tragic. His habitual escape into fantasy is pathetically expressed through his drunken pose – ‘ Commandant Kelly died†¦.in them arms†¦..Tell me Volunteer Bullies says he that I died for Ireland’. Mary who represents the younger generation also falls victim to illusion. On her first appearance in the play, she is shown to be on strike for a principle. The oppressive and stifling atmosphere generated by the tenement life forces her to seek escape through Bentham. For her he represents another way of life and values outside the restricting and debilitating atmosphere within the two- roomed tenement. She falls victim to the subtle deception of Bentham’ middle-class gentility. She is blinded by external appearances and ends up a tragic victim of Bentham’s hypocrisy and selfishness At the conclusion of the play, she is forced to return to the reality of the slum life with Juno in spite of all her attempts to escape through learning and books. Answer Juno and the Paycock is a play that was written by Sean OCasey. It is one of the most often performed and highly regarded plays in Ireland. Juno and the Paycock was first staged at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin in 1924. Juno and the Paycock: Tragoi-comedy Tragi-comedy is a kind of writing in which comedy is hovering on the brinks of tragedy. OCasey’s â€Å"Juno and the Paycock† is a tragi-comedy although, on the whole, it is a serious and somber play having much destruction and violence. But there are a number of comic elements in the play which would not fit into the pattern of a tragedy. On the other hand, as the comic elements do not outweigh the tragic ones, it would be inappropriate to label the play as a comedy. It means there is a co-existence in the play of tragic and comic elements and so, the best course is to treat it as a tragi-comedy.

Logic, Perception, and Enculturation Essay -- The Nature of Logic

Think about it. How important is thinking? Americans spend all of their day thinking and misthinking of multiple decisions and ideas. Thinking is a very important process of how our thoughts, when transferred verbally or written on paper, can produce a clearer understanding of our views. The nature of logic as it relates to critical thinking, and my perceptual process have been influenced through sources of enculturation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of logic as understood is when you have a situation, belief, tradition, etc. that is examined and reviewed in great detail to discover the reasoning behind a behavior. Critical thinking as I understand it is when you view a situation in multiple ways to get a accurate answer or results. The nature of logic relates to critical thinking by examining the situation and thoughts to get a clearer decision of possible outcomes, or reasoning. For instance, before heading to work you watch the news and their morning traffic update for possible accidents and road closures because you have an hour commute. On this particular morning you hear the traffic reporter mention that your daily route to work has been closed due to a huge tractor-trailer accident. Logically, and using critical thinking you are able to come up with two alternate routes for getting to work on time. Using further logic and critical thinking you watch the news for further traffic details to mak e a final decision on one of two alternate choices. You hear that one of your choic...

Location and Description of the Algonkian Indians Essay -- Algonkians

Location and Description of the Algonkian Indians - Algonkian lived in Quebec and Ontario; starting from the Ottawa valley, beneath Hudson Bay and above lower Ontario - the areas in which they lived in were dense woodlands with trees, such as, birch and evergreen; and snow covered the land most of the year. Adaptation to the physical Environment Home - Algonkian homes were called Wigwam, there frames were built out of saplings of tall, young tree trunks which were tied together with narrow strips of bark or root fibers, to form a dome shape - the frame was covered with woven mats or barks, then was firmly tied to the frames - light birch bark were used as covers in the summer and heavy elm or walnut bark was used in the winter Changing Climate - tribes lived in one designated location, but it was common for them to move within that region, depending on the season - during the spring and summer they would shift their homes closer to the water so that they may be able to fish with more ease - while in the autumn and winter they would move near the forest so they would be able to hunt for animals Transportation - on land Algonkians generally walked, but they traveled by canoes in the water - they had two types of canoes - the dugout and birch bark, which were made from hollowing whole trees Clothing - clothing simple yet sturdy - during summer men wore only a deerskin loincloth - women wore an apron or a long wraparound skirt made form the same material - when weather became colder the Algonkian added skin shirts, fur robes, leggings and feather clocks - they also greased the bodies to ward off insects in the summer and keep warm in winter Mode of Substance - Algonkians lived too far north and outside the rice ring for agriculture - they were mainly semi-nomadie bands of hunter -gathers - some southern bands began growing crops in 17th century - they hunted animals using the nich of projectile points made from flints - they were best identified for their skills as hunters who made the best traps and snares, the traps and snares come in many different forms and changed with each season - among the animals hunted were deers, moose, beavers, cariboues, elks and bears. - during the summer groups would gather to fish and socialize - when winter came they separated into small hunting camps of extended families - due to ... ...ench Firearms in 1610 - in exchange for the fur the Algonkians received steel weapons from the French which they used to drive the Mohawks far south of the St. Lawrence River - by 1614 the French shifted their interest on the fur trade from the Algonkins to the Hurons and the Algonkians were reduced to second partners, though they remained in business with the French - Algonkians after the Mohawks gained support of the Dutch and had access to European's weapons lost battles and pretty much went out of site as far as the French concerned - eventually Algonkian set fur trading post along the north end of the Ottawa Valley - the Algonkian remained important allies to the French until the French and Indian war (1755 - 63) - once French were defeated and the British took over, they choose made allies with Iroquosi over the Algonkian - although Algonkians fought along side with the British in the American Revolution in (1775 -83), following the war they were moved out of their homelands to make room for new communes. - finally the Canadian government established ten reserves for the Algonkians to live in but this was only a tiny portion of what once was their original homeland,

How ICT requirements are met in an organisation Essay

Report B: How ICT requirements are met in an organisation Before Haden was introduced ICT, everything was done by hand. This took longer and was not a reliable method of processing information. Haden has many departments and altogether they have many computers. I am going to only analyse one of those departments because doing the whole building with the number of computers will be ridiculous. The department I will be analysing is the Fraud department. This department deals with all the people committing benefit fraud. They work with the police to get those people in court. The Fraud department found it hard to cope without computers. When the computers were introduced everything was easy. Everything needed ICT. In the Fraud department there are 45 computers. Here are the specifications of the hardware. Hardware – Input devices Keyboard- There is 40 standard QWERTY keyboards and 5 ergonomic keyboards. Ergonomic keyboards are QWERTY but the layout is different. The keyboards connect by PS/2 port. Mice- There is 45 standard mice. These come as default on all the computers. The mice connect also connect through PS/2 port. Digital Cameras- These cameras are devices that can take photos or moving images (films) and transfer them on to a PC. The images are JPEG, GIF, UGA, UFO or PSO. There are a total of 4 cameras in the department. The digital cameras connect to the via USB port. Scanners- There is 2 scanners in the department and they also transfer images to the computer. They work like photocopier but can transfer the images to a PC. This device also connects through USB port. Web Cams- The web cams are used to project moving images on to the internet. Only 7 computers have these and they are only used for handling confidential documents. The web cams connect to the computers by the USB port. The web cams are used for personal use. Well, that’s what I think! An input device is something that transfers raw data into a computer for it to be processed. These can include images and evidence from fraud suspects. Output devices Monitors- There is 45 monitors. 5 flat screen monitors, also know as LCD (liquid crystal display) screens and the rest are standard default monitors which are CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors. The monitors connect through the serial port. Colour printer- The colour printers are used to print documents with Haden’s header on them. The colour makes it more professional. The printers connect through the LPT or parallel port. These are the main output devices. They take raw information/data and give it back to us processed. Every computer has many different specifications inside and outside. The computers are all the same so it will be easy to describe them. Below are the specifications. Compaq Deskpro 40 GB Hard drive CD/CD-RW Drive Floppy Drive Zip Drive 512 mb DDR RAM 64 mb DDR Geforce 4 graphics card Creative soundcard Ethernet Card Modem port 4 USB 2. 0 ports 2 serial ports 2 LPT/parallel ports 2 Fire wire ports 2 PS/2 ports 1 game pad port 1 Network port The hard drives are big so that a lot of data can be stored. But there is a downfall to that. It is easier for files to get lost and the file security is not great. The RAM is a ridiculously large. It seems like the computers are made to play games and not do work. This also applies for the graphics card. It also has a large card memory. Most of it is wasted because it is not being used. The department can save a lot of money they had computers which are a bit lower on the specifications. (RAM, Graphics card etc) As all the computers are same, it is easy for me to describe only one of the computers specifications because they have the same specifications like the other computers in the department. There is a large server for the department. The server is very fast and quick. Below are the server specifications. Intel Pentium 4 M 3. 0 GHz processor memory 1024 mb DDR RAM 120 GB Hard drive Tape drive CD/CD-RW Drive Floppy Drive All the computers are Compaq brand. They are reliable and safe to use. Software The computers have different software installed on their hard drives. The computers are new. They have Microsoft Office 2002 installed on their hard drive. They also have other programs like anti-virus. Microsoft Word- This is the default word processing application. It is easy to use and it has many features like recording macros and inserting pictures. Microsoft Excel- This application is installed on the system but it is not used often. It may be used to do calculations for wages and salaries. I am not very sure what it is used for in this department. Microsoft Access- This application is not used. Database- Haden have there own database. It is very complicated to use their database. It comes up as a black screen with white writing. Almost like MS-DOS on old computers. The database holds information of people that have benefits and that commit fraud. You have to be trained to use the database because it is so complicated. This is what I think are in the databases: Name, address, post code, county, age, gender, contact details, national insurance number etc. Outlook Express- Easy to use and is fast for sending and receiving information. The e-mail is not for personal use. The companies boss can other employees can read the personal e-mails. Information is not confidential so it is a great and fast method of transferring data. Internet Explorer is used to surf the web for web related fraud. The internet has a special tracking device that seeks out people using other people’s insurance numbers and other details to get money. Intranet- All the computers are linked to an intranet. The intranet is a small network that only the company personnel can enter. No one from the outside, like me, can enter the intranet. Some of the files are password protected and only those who have the password can enter. Others are common files that everyone linked to the intranet can access. All personnel have their own password. They also have a card key that is used to enter the PC otherwise they do not have access. Norton System works is an antivirus application. All the computers have this software to protect against viruses. There is however a disadvantage. There is no internet firewall. Although one will be installed soon, the security is at risk and therefore hackers can enter easily. Evidence Eliminator is an application that is used to destroy unwanted fraud evidence from the Fraud departments’ computers. The evidence will no longer be available for hackers. Evaluation Haden’s use of ICT is excellent. They are faster now than before computers were introduced. The department of Fraud has found that using ICT is a must for them. Most of it is writing up databases. They have improved in using their own database that has outstanding security due to it being hard to use. There are several advantages and disadvantages. The main one is that the computers can get out of date and will require fixing all the time. Another disadvantage is in the Fraud computers the security is not that good. Hackers can attack it easily. The evidence eliminator application will have to be used several times because there is no firewall and hacker can attack any time. The Fraud department has to step up its security to insure that it is safe to transfer files through the networks. Overall, the organisation has improved in keeping things up to date. The security has to improve for the internet, other than that; the company is sophisticated and well improved.

How to Talk About Your Family in Italian

How to Talk About Your Family in Italian While Italians are passionate about a lot of things- food, calcio, fashion, to name a few- family is one of the most important. Since it is such an essential part of Italian culture, you’re  going to be asked about your family when you start to chat with natives, and it’s a great conversation starter. So what specific vocabulary words do you need to know, and which phrases will help the conversation flow smoothly? Basic Vocabulary - Family Members aunt la zia boy il ragazzo brother il fratello brotherinlaw il cognato cousin (female) la cugina cousin (male) il cugino daughter la figlia daughterinlaw la nuora family la famiglia father il padre fatherinlaw il suocero girl la ragazza grandchild il nipote granddaughter la nipote grandfather il nonno grandmother la nonna grandparents i nonni grandson il nipote husband il marito mother la madre motherinlaw la suocera nephew il nipote niece la nipote parents i genitori relative il parente sister la sorella sisterinlaw la cognata son il figlio soninlaw il genero stepfather il patrigno stepmother la matrigna step brother; half brother il fratellastro step sister; half sister la sorellastra uncle lo zio wife la moglie Conversational Phrases A casa tutto bene? - Is everything good at home?A casa here is used as in a figurative way to mean, â€Å"family†.​   Another option is to ask: Come sta la sua famiglia? - How is your family? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Come sta la tua famiglia?† Come stanno i suoi? - How are your (parents)? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Come stanno i tuoi?† FUN FACT: Italians shorten â€Å"i tuoi genitori† to â€Å"i tuoi†, so you can say â€Å"i miei† instead of â€Å"i miei genitori† and sound  more Italian. Ha fratelli o sorelle? - Do you have brothers or sisters? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Hai fratelli o sorelle? Ha dei figli? - Do you have any kids? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Hai dei figli?† Ho due maschi e una femmina. - I have two boys and one girl.Si chiama†¦ - His/her name is...Hai una famiglia numerosa! - You have a big family!Sono figlio unico. - I’m an only child. (male)Sono figlia unica. - I’m an only child. (female)Lei à ¨ sposato/a? - Are you married? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Sei sposato/a?†. Use â€Å"sposato†, ending in -o, if you’re asking a male. Use â€Å"sposata,† ending in -a, if you’re asking a female. La mia famiglia viene dalla (Sardegna). - My family is from (Sardegna).Mio figlio si à ¨ appena laureato! - My son just graduated!Vado a trovare la mia famiglia (in Calabria). - I’m going to visit my family (in Calabria).Che lavoro fa (tuo marito)? - What does your husband do for work?Mia madre fa (l’insegnante). - My mother is a (teacher).Dove abita? - Where does he/she live?Le presento (mio marito). -   Let me introduce my husband to you. If you want to say this informally, you can say, â€Å"Ti presento (mia moglie)†. Mi saluti sua moglie! - Say hello to your wife for me! If you want to say this informally, you can say, â€Å"Salutami (tua moglie)!†. Practice Dialogue The best way to learn the language is to see the phrases and the vocabulary in action, so below you’ll find a practice dialogue between two friends who have run into each other on the street. Person 1: Ciao! Come stai? - Hey! How are you?Person 2: Sto bene, e tu? - I’m doing well, and you?Person 1: Tutto a posto, come sta la tua famiglia? - Everything is good, how is your family?Person 2: Sta bene, mia figlia si à ¨ appena laureata! - They are good, my daughter just graduated!Person 1: Complimenti!! E tuo marito? - Congratulations!! And your husband?Person 2: Lavora moltissimo, ma andr in pensione fra un anno. E tua figlia? - He’s working a lot, but he’ll be retiring in a year. And your daughter?Person 1: Giulia? La settimana scorsa ha compiuto sedici anni. - Giulia? Last week she turned 16 years old.Person 2: Davvero? Lei à ¨ cresciuta troppo in fretta! - Really? She grew up too fast!Person 1: Lo so, à ¨ cosà ¬. Allora, devo andare, à ¨ stato bello vederti, a presto! - I know, that’s how it is. Well, I’ve got to go, it was great to see, talk soon!Person 2: A presto! - Talk soon!

Free Essays on Tommy Girl Cologne Marketing Campaign

Tommy Hilfiger has revolutionized the fashion world from his men’s and women’s sportswear and denim wear to his athletic wear to his children’s wear to his accessories. It was no surprise to the fashion industry when Tommy introduced his fragrances, belts, bedding, home furnishings, and cosmetics. Through extensive marketing Tommy Hilfiger’s products have flown off the shelves. In this paper I will look at one particular Tommy product: Tommy Girl Cologne the 1.7 fluid ounce bottles. I will explain all the facets of the Tommy Girl marketing campaign. Marketing Oriented: Tommy Hilfiger uses a marketing orientation because the company follows the marketing concept. It aims all of its efforts at satisfy its customers- at a profit. The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation mission statement explains how the company works to achieve customer satisfaction, works together as a total company effort, and has profit as an objective. The mission statement states: â€Å"The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation is dedicated to living the spirit of the American Dream. We believe†¦the spirit of the youth is our greatest inspiration. Resourcefulness is the key to value and excellence in making quality a priority of our lives and our products. By respecting one another we can reach all cultures and communities. By being bold in our vision we continually expand our boundaries. Live the Tommy Spirit,† (www.tommy.com). Industry: Tommy Hilfiger competes in the consumer products manufacturers industry. The consumer products manufacturers are companies that design, manufacture, and/or market apparel, cleaning products, hand and power tools, home furniture, housewares, linens, and consumer electronics and appliances. Furthermore, Tommy Girl Cologne is in the personal care industry. The personal care industry is made up of companies that manufacture and/or market personal care products, including cosmetics, fragrances, and razors. Markets: Tommy Girl C... Free Essays on Tommy Girl Cologne Marketing Campaign Free Essays on Tommy Girl Cologne Marketing Campaign Tommy Hilfiger has revolutionized the fashion world from his men’s and women’s sportswear and denim wear to his athletic wear to his children’s wear to his accessories. It was no surprise to the fashion industry when Tommy introduced his fragrances, belts, bedding, home furnishings, and cosmetics. Through extensive marketing Tommy Hilfiger’s products have flown off the shelves. In this paper I will look at one particular Tommy product: Tommy Girl Cologne the 1.7 fluid ounce bottles. I will explain all the facets of the Tommy Girl marketing campaign. Marketing Oriented: Tommy Hilfiger uses a marketing orientation because the company follows the marketing concept. It aims all of its efforts at satisfy its customers- at a profit. The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation mission statement explains how the company works to achieve customer satisfaction, works together as a total company effort, and has profit as an objective. The mission statement states: â€Å"The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation is dedicated to living the spirit of the American Dream. We believe†¦the spirit of the youth is our greatest inspiration. Resourcefulness is the key to value and excellence in making quality a priority of our lives and our products. By respecting one another we can reach all cultures and communities. By being bold in our vision we continually expand our boundaries. Live the Tommy Spirit,† (www.tommy.com). Industry: Tommy Hilfiger competes in the consumer products manufacturers industry. The consumer products manufacturers are companies that design, manufacture, and/or market apparel, cleaning products, hand and power tools, home furniture, housewares, linens, and consumer electronics and appliances. Furthermore, Tommy Girl Cologne is in the personal care industry. The personal care industry is made up of companies that manufacture and/or market personal care products, including cosmetics, fragrances, and razors. Markets: Tommy Girl C...

Dr. Edward Deming Essay

Dr. Edward Deming Essay Free Online Research Papers Dr. Edward Deming is said to be the father of modern quality and a leader in business management. He claimed that an organization must change its organizational behaviors if it had any chance of reaching its highest level of performance. Deming’s work in Japanrebuilding industries after World War II and instructing top executives and engineers in quality managementwas a driving force behind the nations economic rise and their reputation for high-quality products. His advice to Japan made Mr. Deming the leader of a generation of specialists on product durability and reliability who were then sought by American companies trying to catch up to Asian competitors. But his renown in the United States never matched the reputation he achieved in Japan. (Holusha, 1993) However, Deming was relatively unknown in the United States. During wartime in the US, efforts to establish quality-control methods were ignored in favor of a rush to push products out the doors of factories. The prevailing attitude in American culture from the 1950s through the 1970s was that more quality meant higher prices and consumers did not want to pay the prices for high-quality goods which all went against the teachings of Dr. Deming. Deming has published many books and several of his lectures on his philosophy of continual improvement, quality control, and cooperation. Deming is most known for his widely published book, Out of the Crisis in which he writes about the productivity and quality control issues facing businesses and considers the practical responses that management should take. Out of Crises provides a detailed account of Deming’s thinking on how to improve productivity, quality, and competitive advantage and what management’s role needs to be to achieve these increases. Deming claims in Out of the Crisis that managements failure to plan for the future brings about failure in the business. Management must create innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future success, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. Deming offered fourteen key principles for management for transforming business effectiveness. The points were first presented in his book Out of the Crisis. (Deming, 1986 p. 23-24) 1. Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service, with the aim to become competitive and stay in business, and to provide jobs. 2. Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new economic age. Western management must awaken to the challenge, must learn their responsibilities, and take on leadership for change. 3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the need for inspection on a mass basis by building quality into the product in the first place. 4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag. Instead, minimize total cost. Move towards a single supplier for any one item, on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust. 5. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service, to improve quality and productivity, and thus constantly decrease cost. 6. Institute training on the job. 7. Institute leadership. The aim of supervision should be to help people and machines and gadgets to do a better job. Supervision of management is in need of an overhaul, as well as supervision of production workers. 8. Drive out fear, so that everyone may work effectively for the company. 9. Break down barriers between departments. People in research, design, sales, and production must work as a team, to foresee problems of production and in use that may be encountered with the product or service. 10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force asking for zero defects and new levels of productivity. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships, as the bulk of the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the system and thus lie beyond the power of the workforce. 11. a. Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute leadership. b. Eliminate management by objective. Eliminate management by numbers, numerical goals. Substitute workmanship. 12. a. Remove barriers that rob the hourly worker of his right to pride of workmanship. The responsibility of supervisors must be changed from sheer numbers to quality. b. Remove barriers that rob people in management and in the engineering of their right to pride of workmanship. This means, inter alia, abolishment of the annual or merit rating and of management by objective. 13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement. 14. Put everyone in the company to work to accomplish the transformation. The transformation is everyones work. At the core of Deming’s method of quality improvement was his use of statistics to detect flaws in the production process at the company. But, he also developed a broader management philosophy that emphasized problem-solving based on cooperation. He taught managers to encourage their subordinates to take initiative in their jobs and look for ways to improve the process. He encouraged managers to make employees feel comfortable making improvements to the workplace. Deming also introduced his Theory of Profound Knowledge to the world. Profound knowledge theory involves expanded views and an understanding of the seemingly individual yet truly interdependent elements that compose the larger system, the company. Deming believed that every worker has nearly unlimited potential if placed in an environment that adequately supports, educates, and nurtures senses of pride and responsibility; he stated that the majority85 percentof a workers effectiveness is determined by his environment and only minimally by his own skill. (Skymark, 2008) The Deming Cycle or Shewart Cycle describes a simple method to test information before making a major decision. Most will find the four steps in the Deming Cycle familiar, they are, plan, do check and act. Dr. Deming called the cycle the Shewhart Cycle, after Walter A. Shewhart. The Shewhart cycle is still used in various ways, such as running an experiment. Plan (design) the experiment; Do the experiment by performing the steps; Check the results by testing information, and Act on the decisions based on those results. (Wikipedia 2008). The Deming Cycle is not the only of Deming’s theories and ideas that are still valuable today. Many of his philosophies and variations on his theories can be found is some formation in companies around the world. For instance, companies that once had management only perks such as special parking spaces and executive dining rooms have eliminated these perks, to change their entire culture, following Deming’s theory that if workers feel they are part of the team they will work together to improve quality. Citations: Deming, W. E. (1986) Out of the Crisis, MIT Press Holusha, John. (1993, December 21) W. Edwards Deming, Expert on Business Management, Dies at 93, The New York Times http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5D81E3BF932A15751C1A965958260sec=spon=pagewanted=all Skymark. (2008). Retrieved December 9, 2008, from: skymark.com/resources/leaders/deming.asp Wikipedia. (2008). Retrieved December 9, 2008 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Deming#Quotations_and_concepts Research Papers on Dr. Edward Deming EssayInternational PaperFalse AdvertisingProject Management 101Definition of Export QuotasDeveloping Branding StrategiesYear Round SchoolingGap Analysis: Lester ElectronicsA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantGovernment Funding EssayEthics in Business Essay

American literature Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American literature - Assignment Example Geography, movement, borders and regionalism have influenced American literature over the years. Interaction influenced the mode of writing as they got more ideas from other people who had moved into the country. America is a multicultural community, and there were different forms of literature, these included, African American, Latino, Native American, Asian American, and women literature. The last years have seen a number of different voices into the American literature. They have helped bring the change in American literature. In the past, no one embraced African American literature, but the last years have seen the literature being embraced in the society and especially schools. All the literature including women literature is recognized showing how much American literature has developed. The gay and lesbian literature has also grown and Americans now recognizes that the genre has developed expansively. For example, Ellen Wittlinger’s, Hard Love that also won the best book award in 2000.The American literature expanded to include romantic writing, poetry and short stories. This came about after the introduction of the civil rights, and since then it has made the American literature to be limitless. â€Å"A street car named Desire† A streetcar named desire is a story of a woman Blanche Dubois who relocated to her sister’s house, and intended to live with her for quite a long time after losing the family house. Blanche seems to be lying about everything and tends to ‘avoid the light’. It is seen that Blanche is five years older than her sister is but she never wants to be under direct sunlight (Bradford). Blanche avoids light when it comes to her suitor Mitch and is not true to him. She does not want to tell him about her past, age and her fading beauty. Maybe she is avoiding reality because of what she had done in the past. Light symbolizes her activities in the past. Her life is governed by lies and living in an imaginary l ife. When Mitch knows her story, she forces her to admit that she had committed terrible things in her past. She tends to believe more in magic than the reality. She confesses to avoid the light because of the loss of her husband. She says that when her husband was alive, she experienced light in her life but after he died the bright light had been lacking in her life. Dim light is expressed when she has sexual relationships with other people. She avoids harsh light so that she does not have to see her fading beauty. She believes that by asserting her beauty upon younger men, she will be able to avoid death, and she will go back to her teenage bliss (Bradford). Prologue to Invisible man The invisible man is the story of a black man who tries to struggle in a divided society that does not see him as a human being (Ellison). The prologue to the invisible man involves a black man who claims to be invisible only because some people choose not to see him. Being invisible has been of grea t help, and at the same time has caused him frustration. He is not quite sure that he exists because of his invisibility and has him thinking why people do not seem to notice him. He would actually do anything to have other people notice him. However, his invisibility has earned him some free electricity without noticed, and he resides in an area where only the whites are allowed. He is, therefore, invisible to both the whites and the Monopolated Light and Power Company. This is to his advantage. The narrator due to his invisibility is called bad names

Wine Bottle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Wine Bottle - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  since the 17the century wine bottles have been closed by the traditional cork closures which are obtained by processing the bark of the cork tree. Portugal is the biggest exporter of the wine cork closures and its economy is highly based on this primary export. Wine bottle closures are highly important to seal the bottle so that the wine is not affected by the damaging property of the oxygen in the atmosphere although a very little amount of oxygen is still required to be trespassed in to the bottle which is helpful for the wine to reach its potential. The corks are not perfect enough to block all of the oxygen which serves the purpose but they are fallible too which can result in crumbling, breaking, leaking and also, forming the corked wine.  This essay stresses that  the cork closure provides the ceremonial tradition of opening the wine bottle with the popping action. Synthetic and screw cap closures are used as alternatives to the cork closures. The synthetic closures are not successful since they too pass the plastic taints to the wine. Screw Cap closures which are made of aluminium alloy casing which forms the outer layer of the closure with an inner lining of expanded polyethylene which air tights the bottle on compression. Screw cap closures are better wine closures than the cork ones and are also, comparatively expensive due to the material used in them but this expense is lower than the loss incurred due to the corked wines by the cork closures.

Book Report on Guerrilla Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Book Report on Guerrilla Marketing - Essay Example Levinson (2007) brings to light the view that he was motivated to write this work after having being disappointed by the fact that he could find the right pieces of work to conduct his research. After purchasing numerous books, and still not having enough content, is the story behind the work of Levinson. In his work, he indicates that it is mandatory that the entrepreneurs come up with measures of identifying opportunities in the market, and finding out the best approaches to apply to fill in the gaps. It is from his work that Levinson (2007) hopes to come up with a chain of resources that would be beneficial to prospective businessmen. In fact, he indicates that his drive for the work on ‘Guerilla Marketing’ was driven by the fact that people with the little amounts of money had dreams of owning large businesses at all odds, and indeed turned out successful. This essay shall attempt to review Levinson’s (2007) work on ‘Guerrilla Marketing’, picking out the major points that validate this book as a must for all entrepreneurs. According to Levinson (2007), the basics of marketing include the relationship the company has, with its outside contacts. Analysts and researchers in the field of business have continually argued that the customers cannot, even at one point be alienated from the success of any form of business. Customers, in short, are the main beneficiaries of the businesses, and must always be put into perspective, while planning the businesses. Marketing, in the case of Levinson’s (2007) ‘Guerilla Marketing’ work, advocates for marketing as the major ingredient towards determining if the business will thrive or not. This is for the reason that marketing will either leave an excellent or a ghastly notion on the clients. A good impression will, without human intervention attract more clientele to the industry and vice versa. In the first chapter, ‘guerilla marketing’ has been defined as t he novel method of marketing goods and products as compared to the long-established methods. Levinson (2007) argues that conventional forms of marketing are far much too pricey as they oblige the entrepreneurs to expend a lot of money to sustain their brands. In the case of ‘guerilla marketing’, the case is dissimilar as the entrepreneurs will only be required to devote time and energy to plan the kind of marketing strategies that will lead to a triumphant dealing. This, according to Levinson is the only best way that the company can sustain their brand. Of essence, this can be described as information being the key tool to a flourishing business. Levinson (2007) clearly brings out the foundations of operation of a successful company. This, according to him, refers to aspects such as dedication that allows entrepreneurs remain unswerving in their businesses. With this, he gives a case in point of a man who was consistent in his advertising promotion on Marlboro, yet the brand was visualized as more of feminine than masculine (Levinson, 2007). With a lot of devotion on the advertiser’s side, the brand was able to survive in the market, and is one of the best suppliers of cigarettes in the globe today. In line to this dispute, it is not correct to dispute that marketing is the key to a successful business, but how unfailing the advertisers are in terms of advertising their

HR MANAGEMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR MANAGEMENT - Term Paper Example n is defined as a state arising in processes that are internal and external to the individual where the person perceives that it is appropriate to pursue a certain course of action directed at achieving a specified outcome and the person involved pursues that outcome with vigour and persistence (Robinson, 208). The employees have their own needs hence the plan to interview them is seen as viable so as to be in a position to get their views and ideas about what they think should be incorporated in their work in order to motivate them. The HR department will be in a position to use the responses from the interviews to create a master plan of the following: The plan to rebrand the HR department will be implemented over a period of time and this will be done in stages. The HR manager will be responsible for implementing that action plan and he will get some input from the other members from the same department. All the responses from the interviewees will be taken into consideration so as to be in a position to come up with a sound policy document that can improve the performance of the HR department as well as to improve the morale of the workers. The employees have to be treated as valuable assets to the company and this is the reason why we have to get their views. The interview questions are designed in such a way that they are short and they enable the interviewee to give short and succinct answers. Therefore, it is anticipated that an interview with one employee will take approximately 15 minutes. These interviews are expected to be conducted in five working days so as to enable the department to perform other pertinent tasks in its operations. We anticipate that at least two hours per day from Monday to Friday (8 am to 10am) will be devoted to these interviews and they will be conducted in the boardroom. After conducting the interviews with all the employees, the HR manager will need at least three days to go through the responses by the interviews so as to

Cultural Sensitivity Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Sensitivity Reflection - Essay Example A culturally competent teacher knows perfectly well how to relate the skill of cultural awareness with his/her work which includes dealings with the students, parents, staff, and community members almost on daily basis. Acting in a culturally competent manner becomes especially important in a classroom as that is the place where a teacher has to deal with the students in a very direct manner. â€Å"Culturally responsive teaching does not incorporate traditional educational practices with respect to students of color† (Gay, 2000). Parents often have a hard time adjusting to the reality of teaching their children in a culturally sensitive environment. This is why teachers should take care to acknowledge cultural sensitivity when dealing with the parents of their students and they can do so by effectively bridging the communication gap in order to win the trust of the parents. When dealing with parents, a teacher should help them understand how he/she intends to use cultural refe rents to groom the students academically, emotionally, and intellectually in a culturally sensitive environment. A teacher can also relate cultural competency with his/her work when dealing with students in a classroom by deeply acknowledging the cultural heritages of various ethnic groups and regarding them. He/she should also stimulate the entire class to respect each other’s cultural heritages. There also exists a difference in the extent to which each student adapts to the learning process which is why a culturally competent and sensitive teacher should employ a variety of instructional strategies addressing different learning styles. Cultural sensitivity should be practiced whether a teacher teaches a multilingual or a monolingual class (Stubbs, 2011). Moreover, cultural sensitivity requires a teacher to instill the same sense and skill into other staff members as the learning process can never be controlled by a single teacher alone. It is the job of

HR MANAGEMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR MANAGEMENT - Term Paper Example n is defined as a state arising in processes that are internal and external to the individual where the person perceives that it is appropriate to pursue a certain course of action directed at achieving a specified outcome and the person involved pursues that outcome with vigour and persistence (Robinson, 208). The employees have their own needs hence the plan to interview them is seen as viable so as to be in a position to get their views and ideas about what they think should be incorporated in their work in order to motivate them. The HR department will be in a position to use the responses from the interviews to create a master plan of the following: The plan to rebrand the HR department will be implemented over a period of time and this will be done in stages. The HR manager will be responsible for implementing that action plan and he will get some input from the other members from the same department. All the responses from the interviewees will be taken into consideration so as to be in a position to come up with a sound policy document that can improve the performance of the HR department as well as to improve the morale of the workers. The employees have to be treated as valuable assets to the company and this is the reason why we have to get their views. The interview questions are designed in such a way that they are short and they enable the interviewee to give short and succinct answers. Therefore, it is anticipated that an interview with one employee will take approximately 15 minutes. These interviews are expected to be conducted in five working days so as to enable the department to perform other pertinent tasks in its operations. We anticipate that at least two hours per day from Monday to Friday (8 am to 10am) will be devoted to these interviews and they will be conducted in the boardroom. After conducting the interviews with all the employees, the HR manager will need at least three days to go through the responses by the interviews so as to

Maternal Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maternal Obesity - Essay Example The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports reveals that at the beginning stage of pregnancy, one in five women are obese. Hence reducing obesity during, before, and after the pregnancy should be considered as a matter of public health importance. The obesity in pregnancy has been rapidly increasing and has now become a common risk obstetric condition in many countries. The reason for the health organizations to take extra care in the issue of maternal obesity is that the consequences of it are high and associated with adverse reproductive outcomes and hypertensive disorders and also causes for gestational diabetes mellitus, cesarean delivery, and increased risk for obesity of the child. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) As Rivis and Sheeran (2003) explain, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and explains the three predicator of behavior – attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Attitude refers the beliefs of an individual about the outcomes of the behavior mixed with an evaluation of the significance of these outcomes. The Theory of Planned Behavior is somewhat similar to the Health Belief Model. ... The results explain that both models were able to predict an important part in the variance of dieting and fasting follow-up behavior. The direct aspect of the perceived control evaluates the extent of access that the individuals believe to have in formulating the behavior question. On the other hand, the indirect aspect of perceived control is normally obtained by assessing some definite aspects, called control beliefs, which have the capability both to make it easier and to make it difficult to achieve a behavior. The Theory of Planned Behavior analysis reports no direct connection between the intention to eat healthfully and eating behavior. Besides, age, gender, and BMI were the important factors forming the response of the people. The TPB is formulated on the idea that the stronger the intention to carry out a provided behavior, the greater the chance that a person will execute that behavior. The results from the various studies prove that TPB is helpful in predicting the factor s that are directly connected with healthy eating behavior. Many factors lead to healthy eating behaviors, and the TPB can be used as a tool to formulate intervention strategies to promote healthy eating habits among the youth, especially the women who are more faced with the risk of obesity and overweight. Other factors such as attitude, barriers, are subjective norm which have chances to influence the eating behaviors, are also added to the model of TBP. At last, the suggestion is towards the parents to take reasonable care in maintaining a healthy eating habit for their children. Social and Cultural factors affecting the maternal Obesity. The causes behind the obesity are multifaceted and consist of social, cultural, genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Generally, obesity

Feasts of Israel - Redemption Celebrated Essay Example for Free

Feasts of Israel Redemption Celebrated Essay The Feasts of Israel written by Victor Buksbazen describes the reverent and celebratory tenets, which encompass the Jewish faith. A most interesting aspect of this book is how Buksbazen compares and contrasts Jewish feasts with Christianity. Not only does The Feasts of Israel describe the significance of each feast, it also proves the divinity of Christ in a plain comprehensible way. For example, in his introduction Mr. Bukzaben explains the logistical relationship between Christianity and Judaism in one sentence. When he said, Biblical Christianity is not a continuation of Judaism, but it is the logical outgrowth and consequence of adherence to Moses and the prophets (ii). Bukzabens first example of Christian / Judean reconciliation is apparent in his discussion of the Passover. Of course, many of us know what this feast symbolizes for the Jewish people, but how many of us realize the Christian aspect of it? To avoid the death angel, we know that the Israelites were told to prepare a lamb sacrifice, and then paint the doorposts and lentils with the blood. Those who followed this instruction are spared, their faith is proven, and they are worthy to be taken out from under the bondage of Egypt. Similarly, Christians are released from bondage and delivered to glory through faith in Jesus Christ the Lord. And, as the Lamb of God, Jesus blood pays the debt for those who believe in Him. Moreover, Bukzaben says, The deliverance of Israel from Egypt is the central point in Jewish history and worship, even as Calvary is the central point in the Christian faith (2). I found the Feast of Weeks especially interesting in how it is identified by differing titles and too, how each title was derived. Until reading this book, I didnt realize the significance of the Greek word Pentecost or that it meant fifty. According to Bukzaben, It was so designated because it was observed on the fiftieth day after the Passover Sabbath (14). Again, Bukzaben makes clear the relationship of Judaism and Christianity with this feast. This feast is also called Pentecost, because it was observed fifty days after the Passover. As Christians, we too celebrate the great feast of Pentecost, although, we can celebrate ours every Sunday. Pentecost for Christians began 50 days after Jesus resurrection, when God stamped his Commandments in the heart of each Christian with the power of His Holy Spirit. Jewish Pentecost celebrates the reception of Gods Law, and Christian Pentecost celebrates the provisional gift of knowing Jesus Christ. In short, Pentecost is the official beginning of the Church of Christ (Act.2, Joel 2:28-32, Jer.31: 33-34, Heb.8: 8-12). Therefore, as Christians, we too celebrate Pentecost; as believers we are baptized in the Holy Spirit, and it can speak to us directlyHe resides within us. Buksbazen makes further discovery of Pentecost in regard to the historical bond between Judaism and Christianity. With Ruth, he points out the ancestral connection she has to our Lord Jesus Christ. Moreover, Buksbazen explains just how reverently the Jewish people consider Ruth to be. On the Day of Pentecost the Jews even until the present day read the book of Ruth (18). Likewise, Christians love Ruth, her example of kindness, compassion, and love is a model of how we hope to fashion our lives. This mutual aspect is yet another binding feature between Jews and Christians. According to Buksbazen, They look to the day when Jew and Gentile shall worship God together through the kinsman Redeemer, Christ, typified by Boaz, the friend and husband of Ruth, his Gentile bride (19). As Christians we maintain hope that someday all of Gods children will come together as one to worship Him, our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. The book of Ruth and the example she shows to both Jews and Christians gives us this hope. Probably the most familiar of all Jewish feasts is Hanukkah. I have been aware of this Jewish feast for most of my life; however, not until reading Mr. Buksbazens commentary did I realize the richness of this tradition. The story behind this feast fascinated me, and praise God that the Israelites overcame their Greek attackers. For example, the candelabrum burning continuously for eight days, which may be regarded as a miracle, evidences God. More importantly, had the Greeks been allowed to defeat the Israelites, there wouldnt have been Jewish Apostles to bring the good news of our Messiah to us, the Gentiles. For that matter, we might not even have a New Testament or Christianity in the purest biblical sense of the word. Sure, the blessed traditions of Hanukkah and Christmas brighten our winter, but the significance is much greater than that. For me this feast represents the difference between life and death. Appropriately, Mr. Baksbazen titles the final topic with a discussion of Sabbath The Queen. For Christians, and Jews alike the Sabbath is probably the most comprehensive of all feasts. According to Buksbazen, The Sabbath is exclusively Israels heritage, given under the law to the people of the law (79). Moreover, a weekly Sabbath of worship is vital for both religions. Not only is Sabbath necessary for spiritual renewal, but it also lends to the survival of each respective religion. Mr. Baksbazen makes clear the distinctions between the Jewish Sabbath and the Lords day. For Jews the Sabbath is a memorial of their Exodus from Egypt. In general, Baksbazen explains that for Jews the observance of the Sabbath is law, but the Genesis story (Genesis 2:1-3) and the fourth commandment by God Himself (Exodus 20:11) show us that the Sabbath is a memorial to creation. Baksbazen summarizes the difference between these two religious aspects nicely. He states, The Sabbath is the crowning day of the week which rewards man for his toil. The Lords Day emphasizes what God has done for man through His only begotten Son (92). This means, if I accept Jesus as my Lord and Savior I most certainly would worship Him. However, just like accepting Him, worshiping Him is a choice I make voluntarily. In addressing the first Christians and the Sabbath question, Mr. Bukszaben explains what must have been heart wrenching for Jewish Christians back then. For that matter this situation exists even today. I see two tragedys occurring here, a split amongst one people, and a separation from God for non-believers. This is implied in Bukszabens introductory sentence, At first Jewish believers apparently continued for some time in the voluntary observance of the Sabbath, not because they felt their salvation rested upon this, but rather out of regard for the sensibilities of their own people (95). This practice during the early days of the church is evidenced in scripture (Acts 2:1; 3:1; 15:5; 21:20). I couldnt help but imagine the pain and sorrow new Jewish Christians must feel. Those who know the truth are torn between a steeped history of dogmatic law and worship toward the one true Lord. Mr. Bakszaben properly explains this situation, but it should be noted that Jesus himself did not break the Jewish Sabbath. Jesus activity may have broken Pharisaic rules, but not the law of God. Moreover, since Jesus was born under the law He lived under the old covenant requirements (Gal 4:4; Heb 4:15). In summary, the feasts are a representation of things to come, and Victor Buksbazens scriptural references provide the proof. I was enlightened, even surprised to see how the most important events in Jewish and Christian history commingled, and what the corresponding feast was originally a sign of. In addition, the way Buksbazen treated each topic (feast) with respect and contrasting each aspect with truth was refreshing. What I take away from this assignment is newfound knowledge and a better understanding of how Jewish people think. Finally, Buksbazen shows by example how we should be compassionate and loving toward nonbelievers. He treats each Jewish tradition with respect, but makes clear the true meaning of Salvation. We see this in the last few sentences of his book where Buksbazen writes, The Law of Moses has led us by the hand to Christ. Only one who has lived under the Law and has come to know the liberating power of grace, may sing (102).

PIA Business and Management Analysis

PIA Business and Management Analysis In 1959, the Government of Pakistan took an initiative of appointing Air Commodore Nur Khan as the M.D (Managing Director) PIA, with his effective approach and visionary leadership, PIA had shown impressive growth and success within a half-decade, acquired the market as one of the leading airlines around the globe. In the history of aviation, this short span of half a decade referred to as the golden era of PIA . The key goals and commitments for new management are development, expansion, and growth and so on by 1960, PIA introduced first Boeing 707 service from London to Karachi and Karachi to Dhaka, proved as a major success. Successful accomplishment resulted in PIA becoming the first Asian Airline to operate jet aircraft, setting examples for the future. In 1961, the airline took an extremely extravagant decision of initiating a cross-Atlantic service from Karachi to New York. PIAs services had carried some over 70,000 passengers during the first year of operation. At times, it was acknowledged as a stellar operation, equal to any other in the world. Due to couple, unfortunate accidents resulted the discontinuation of service in 1966. PIA, in 1962, the wisdom of PIA management. finding the upper winds forecast favorable, PIA set a record of fastest air travel service between London to Karachi in a record time of 6 hours, 43 minutes and 51 seconds, that remains unbroken till date, with the representation of FAI (Federal Aeronaut International). 1964 was another historic year for PIA in terms of achievements and historically acknowledged as a pioneer in the checkered history of the airline. On 29th April, 1964, a Boeing 720B, PIA becomes the first airline from a non-communist country to fly into the Peoples Republic of China. PIAs very first service to Republic of China was from Karachi to Shanghai via Canton. By next year PIA increased number of planes by introducing another Boeing 720B and two more F-27s. As a national institution, PIAs development, had become a serious reality and the PIA team continued to achieve its ambitious plans and goals for the national flag carrier. A system of feeder services linking eight points in West Pakistan was introduced in 1966 at the times the airlines viscount were proving insufficient ownership to fast growth and to be replaced by tridents and the growth curve was on high, adding two F-27s and Boeing 707s following year. In 1964-65 the top slot of PIA was taken over by Air Vice Marshal, Asghar Khan for a tenure of 3 years. The introduction of new uniforms for the air hostesses by a well renowned French designer, Pierre Cardin was the most colorful change, if not the most significant at times of highest attributes that changed the entire aviation industry in terms of crew staff and taken as storm by the world. This inspirational move leave a success mark in the industry for PIA and the new uniform was an instant hit both at home and in abroad. Another achievement of PIA was, to become the first airline to get certification (first/lnitial certification) on SMS(Safety Management System) by CAA Civil Aviation Authority Pakistan. Civil Aviation Authority Air Navigation Order (ANO 91.0032 issued in September 2008) binds all airlines operating in Pakistan to have SMS. It is the privilege of PIA, who first initiated SMS awareness and implementation in July 2008. PIA awarded initial certification on SMS in 27th February 2009 by CAA. PIA installed its first fully functional Engine Overhauling Shop, near the Head Office building, was also completed and commissioned at the same times. The PIA Training Centre previously known as The Ground Training School (GTS) was first conceived and developed during 1961-62. Initially the training was imparted in a T-shaped building which later converted into PIAs dispensary close to the Head Office building. Due to high levels of seemingly growth and visible development both in traffic and revenues in 1960s, PIA installed new equipments, adding new routes and destinations, and new technologies to support its ever-expanding operations. 1968; a new Jet Hangar for Boeing with a supporting airframe overhaul was completed and commissioned and by 1970 come up with PIAs own Flight Kitchen in Karachi, which caters, even today, to the national airline as well as other carriers. Over the years, with the airlines expansion and increased capacity, the need for a second Flight Kitchen became imperative. In early nineties PIA come up with new brighter corporate identity. In changing times PIA introduced much smarter and sportifying looks of 90s, the famous PIA green mixed and reinforced with moss green and pale blue stripes were incorporated into the new corporate identity. It was green and gold livery earlier when it was first formed back in 1974, some old-timers may remember the flutter. PIA shows its diversity by active participation and sponsoring range of national games and PIA players are always show their leading presence in Cricket, Hockey, Football, Squash, Chess, Bridges, Polo and table tennis as the stripes logo shows PIAs active participation and diversity. Early nineties progressed to a vast expansion to HAJJ and UMRAH operations and domestic flight operation to all major cities of Pakistan i.e. Islamabad, Peshawar, Lahore, Quetta, and Karachi. PIA undoubtedly continues its growth and now PIA operates globally, and cover the international destinations spread over 4 continents including all landscapes of domestic operations. As far as PIA is still a pretty young airline; shown some impressive graphical statistics since its foundation in 1955, PIA has indeed, come a long way.

Comparing Tell Tale Heart and The Black Cat :: comparison compare contrast essays

Tell Tale Heart and The Black Cat.    The two short stories that I have chosen by Edgar Allan Poe are The Tell Tale Heart and The Black Cat.   These two stories in particular have many things in common as far as technique goes, but they do have some significant differences between the two.   In this paper I will try to compare and contrast these two short stories and hopefully bring something to the readers attention that wasn't there at first.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main differences in these two short stories is the way in which the reader finds out the ending of the stories.   In The Black Cat the reader finds out the ending of the story in the traditional format. At the end of the short story. However, in The Tell Tale Heart the reader knows the ending at the very beginning of the story.   An advantage of having the story come full circle is that it allows the reader to try and focus on other aspects of the story such as why and how. Poe makes the ending very clear to the reader, in doing this he makes the reader read with anticipation.   The anticipation that is created makes the story more enjoyable.   The Black Cat is written in the more traditional sense, which has its advantages as well. A traditional way of writing is having the story flow from beginning to end.   Poe is able to develop the characters as the story goes along and of course by not knowing the ending the story is full of sur prises that make it unpredictable.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another difference in technique that Poe uses between the two short stories is the way that the anger in placed.   In The Tell Tale Heart the main character's anger is placed on the direct object of whom he has problem with, but in The Black Cat the main character chooses to displace his anger on to an animal whom he had no prior qualms with.   I think what Poe was trying to convey was that sometimes our anger is directed at the things that really can't fight back, in a normal circumstance (in the story there were supernatural aspects with would not occur in a normal environment).   As we read the story and see how the man is displacing his anger we realize that at one time or another we have all done this.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm takes place on a farm in England. Napoleon is the main character in this book and his character is a symbol for greed. Napoleon is a large Berkshire boar who receives great power when he arranges for the expulsion of Snowball. Napoleon changes in a negative way as the plot progresses. At first, Napoleon wants to better his life and the lives of all the other animals, but that soon changes. Power tends to corrupt some people, such as Napoleon who uses his power to change rules, control others, and shows favoritism. Napoleon uses power to change rules. The animals design The Seven Commandments of Animalism as rules which apply to all equally. Napoleon arranges to change The Seven Commandments to justify his wrong doing. After series of changes, only one commandment remains: â€Å"All animals are created equal, but some are more equal than others.† By having the power to make changes, he can make everything suit himself. At first there was the idea of a Utopia, heaven on Earth, but Napoleon changes that too. The Utopia changes to a dictatorship under Napoleon’s influence. Napoleon has the power to control others. He first gains the animals’ trust to become their leader and then plots to physically control them. He secretly trains guard dogs and makes them his secret police. Napoleon’s main concern is no longer all of the animals. Dogs kill three pigs for making confessions. These killings instill a mass fear among the other animals. Squealer assists Napoleon by speaking convincingly on his behalf and making him seem more â€Å"king-like†. Squealer aids Napoleon in his quest for absolute control or power. The animals are most afraid at the sight of Napoleon carrying a whip. Napoleon shows favoritism. His main concern is not all of the animals. Napoleon wants only to improve the worth of his and the other pigs’ lives. There is a caste system with two groups: the workers and the rulers. In this new system, the pigs are in the ruling class, and the other animals are the workers. The rulers were the pigs because they are better; therefore the workers are the other farm animals. Napoleon uses the barley crop to make whisky for himself and the pigs. The pigs wear clothes, learn to read, sleep in beds, eat on fancy dishes, wear ribbons on Sunday, and had to do less work.

Preventing Unwanted Pregnancy Essay

A happily married couple, Thomas and Ella, have two children named Cody and Rachel. Thomas has two jobs to support his family, and then Ella can stay home to take care of their young boy and girl, along with housework. After a long night of hard work, Thomas came home to Ella crying in the bathroom. â€Å"Ella, what is the matter?† he asked. She wiped away her tears, took a deep breath, looked Thomas deep into his brown eyes and said, â€Å"I’m pregnant†. They both knew they were not prepared for another child to come into the family, but once Thomas and Ella talked to a doctor about their options they decided to keep the baby. Yet, now they had to make a responsible change for future to prevent this from happening again. The doctor provided two methods to choose from: natural family planning or contraceptive devices. Family planning is a significant subject in our culture with the exponential growth of the world population, but society must consider the sustaina bility of all family planning methods. By comparing the methods of two contraceptive choices of natural family planning and artificial contraceptives, the goal is to decide which is the overall superior option. While studying the effectiveness of artificial contraceptives and natural family planning, supporting and opposing arguments of each method must be provided to make a reasonable judgment. Although contraceptive devices can prevent pregnancy and some sexually transmitted disease as well, natural family planning is the better option for those who are in a consistent intimate relationship. The natural family planning method, also known as fertility awareness, does not contain unnatural hormones or chemicals, and tracks the normal monthly changes of women’s body fertility. Consistent with Richard J. Fehring, a researcher from the Marquette College of Nursing, natural family planning (NFP) is a method of avoiding or achieving a pregnancy by studying the patterns of fertility and withdrawing from intercourse while the female is fertile. Couples observe signs of fertility in the woman by tracking the woman’s body temperature, mucus secretion and other signs. This method can also be referred to as the fertility awareness method, periodic abstinence, or the rhythm method (Fehring 2). Petra Frank-Herrmann, a professor at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, foun d â€Å"For a contraceptive method to be rated as highly efficient as the hormonal pill, there should be less than  one pregnancy per 100 women per year when the method is used correctly.† Frank-Herrmann led a study including 900 women using the method of natural family planning. She verified, â€Å"the pregnancy rate for woman who used the [NFP] method correctly in our study was 0.4%, which can be interpreted as one pregnancy occurring per 250 woman per year. While the effectiveness of natural family planning is equal to or greater than that of any oral contraceptive rate, which is about 0.7%† (â€Å"Natural Family Planning Method As Effective As Contraceptive Pill, New Research Finds†). The evidence suggests that natural family planning is a more sustainable method of pregnancy prevention than contraceptive devices. Natural family planning helps to preserve good health because it does not include chemicals, pills or other harmful devices. It also may be applied during regular or irregular cycles throughout a woman’s life while off contraceptives. While NFP helps women feel more in tune with their bodies, together couples may feel more respected and not take for granted the purpose of intercourse when planning a family (Peterson). This w ay a woman will not feel solely responsible because NFP is a shared responsibility and lifestyle. Not only is natural family planning as effective as artificial contraception, but also is also less harmful to our environment compared to artificial contraceptives. The key of NFP is it is natural, thus it does not contaminate one’s body or the surroundings since it has an absence of chemicals. Micheal Martin-Loeches, a medical researcher in the European Journal of Contraception & Reproduction Heath Care, determined that a good awareness of natural family planning increased women’s sexual desire compared to the common level of sexual desire of women. Along with health benefits, natural family planning is an exceptional option for those who cannot afford forms of birth control or having a larger family to provide for. The increasing population is a hitch with the importance of natural family planning and awareness of fertility because High-fertility still persists in much of the developing world, ensuring that population growth will continue. In 2006, average family size among the 4 billion people living in less developed countries outside of China was estimated at 3.4 children, with an annual population growth rate of 1.8% (Populat ion Reference Bureau, 2007b). At this rate, the population of these countries would double in just 39 years. Even taking projected declines in fertility in these regions into account, the number of people  living in less developed countries outside China is projected to increase by more than 60% by 2050, from 4 billion today to more than 6.5 billion (Speidel, Weiss, Ethelston, & Gilbert, 2007). To make the world aware of the natural family planning method, the world population growth rate may steadily regulate over time. Fortunately, the NFP technique is inexpensive and when it is learned it can be used for the entirety of women’s reproductive lifetime with minimal additional cost. A natural family planning couples class and a few minor materials may be purchased at the most to have the most efficient outcome. Those who choose to use this natural method do not generally experience moral issues since NFP is widely accepted by most faiths and cultures. This method also correlates to an increase in a relationship’s trust and intimacy when completed thoroughly (NHS). Nevertheless, everyone does not support the NFP method; therefore, they have contrasting views and ideas for pregnancy prevention. When the opposing view is depicted a main point that is brought to attention is that it may be difficult to continue the commitment for each partner to follow the fertilit y schedule’s pattern. The menstrual cycles must be examined multiple times before one can become absolutely confident of pinpointing a female’s fertile time (NHS). Continuing the counterargument, factors such as stress, illness, lifestyle and use of hormonal treatments disrupt one’s fertility signs so they become hard to follow. Also during the fertile time of a couple must withdraw from sex or use another method of contraception, as a fertile time period may last up to 16 days. Those who decide to abstain from sex seem to commonly experience relationship problems (NHS). Those who are not pleased by or successful with NFP look for immediate alternatives with out always doing necessary research. Contraceptives, like the pill or condoms, may be extremely effective in preventing pregnancy as well, but they come with altered and varied advantages and disadvantages depending on its form. When taken as directed, the oral birth control is 99% effective and reaps many additional benefits. A menstrual flow is lighter, less cramping, decreases the risk of developing uterus or ovarian cancer, and conditions including the following: anemia, breast-r elated disease, endometriosis and ovarian cysts (Hampton). The oral contraceptives do not physically interfere whatsoever with the foreplay or intercourse while performing any sexual activities, as condoms may interfere in this manner. Others opposing to NFP merely look into the positive effects of contraceptives; hence, they may not think about how the oral birth control has a lack of protection for sexually transmitted diseases and creates the possibility or missing a pill and upbringing extra side effects. Oral birth control should not be taken when women are young, with a history of blood clots, cardiovascular disease, and frequent smokers. There is also an increased chance of women to experience high blood pressure, heart disease, and strokes (Hampton). According to a study from the Washington University in St. Louis of Medicine, â€Å"86% of subjects knew that the annual risk of pregnancy is less than 10% if no contraception is used. More than 45% of women overestimate the effectiveness of pills, the patch, the ring, and condoms. Among women who use reversible contraception, most choose less-effective methods such as condoms at 26% and oral contraceptive pills at 45%. Reliance on less-effective methods contr ibutes to the fact that nearly one-half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended† (Eisenberg et al.). Along with the possible failure of protection and less awareness of possible pregnancies, contraception can alter hormonal and estrogen levels. This study found in the European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care states, â€Å"a decrease in sexual desire was observed in relation to an average or poor relationship with the partner, coinciding with the aforementioned authors’ conclusions regarding the psychological influences and level of sex education in the decrease of sexual desire in users of contraceptive methods† (Martin-Loeches et al.). Further studies by Wynne Parry, a senior writer from Live Science Research, indicate contraceptives can also damage the environment by filling water with hormones; hormonal contraceptives increase the levels of certain hormones in women to prevent pregnancy. The hormones traces can be found in the waste dispersed from women who use contraceptives such as the pill, patches, and vaginal rings. Consequently, the problem is causing water treatment plants to be upgraded, which economically makes the government sacrifice the peoples’ money. This dilemma has been observed to de-masculinize those who ingest it regularly, which animals are extremely sensitive to consuming added hormones. It is tremendously vital the amount of waste generated from contraceptives packaging as well. In retrospective, following the natural family planning method is one alternative to pregnancy prevention that will  not hurt our environment. Each step towards cutting down on waste and decreasing our environmental carbon footprint can be beneficial and leads to prosperous and healthier ecosystem. The various forms of contraceptives may have shown success and brought about numerous benefits, but natural family planning succeeds best in pregnancy prevention due to its advantages in the health, environmental, economic and other features. With the world’s population grasping the importance of keeping sexual activity to a natural intimate experience, this allows a couple to work together to space out their children in a way that is both mora lly and ecologically acceptable. Further studies have and will continue to make NFP a valuable contribution to the sexual health of our people.

Sun Tracking Control Strategy Engineering Essay

It is good known that in theory, 41 % more sunshine is available by tracking the PV faculty to follow the day-to-day class of the Sun, comparative to fixed installings. The overall aim of this survey is to develop a control algorithm that improved public presentation and dependability the two-axis solar tracker. To accomplish this end, this survey dressed ore on optimising the LM3S811 based accountant board, thrust hardware and package. Keywords: embedded system design, two-axis Sun trailing, control algorithm.A ±ntroductA ±onSolar energy systems and equipment such as PV and twenty-four hours illuming systems, solar aggregators, and solar-powered heat engines work best when their aggregators aim straight at the Sun. Adding a solar tracker to these systems increases their efficiencies at the disbursal of initial and operational costs and system complexness. It has been estimated that the usage of a trailing system, over a fixed system, can increase the power end product by 20 % – 40 % with cost addition 10 % -30 % [ 1-3 ] . Since the Sun ‘s place in the sky alterations with the seasons and the clip of twenty-four hours, tracker is used to aline the aggregation system to maximise energy production. Several factors must be considered when finding the usage of trackers. Some of these include: the solar engineering being used, the sum of direct solar irradiation, feed-in duties in the part where the system is deployed, and the cost to put in and keep the trackers. Concentrated applications like concentrated photovoltaic panels ( CPV ) or concentrated solar power ( CSP ) require a high grade of truth to guarantee the sunshine is directed exactly at the focal point of the reflector or lens. The two basic classs of trackers are individual axis and double axis. Single axis solar trackers can either hold a horizontal or a perpendicular axis. In concentrated solar power applications, individual axis tracker is used with parabolic and additive Fresnel mirror designs. Dual axis solar trackers have both a horizontal and a perpendicular axis leting them to track the Sun ‘s evident gesture virtually anyplace in the universe This paper presents a control scheme for a two axes solar tracker that is executed in an ARM based Stellaris L3S811 microcontroller. Correct sun place is inferred from the GPS. The proposed control scheme consists of a combination between ; an unfastened cringle tracking scheme, and a closed cringle scheme. The overall aim of this survey is to develop a control algorithm that improves public presentation and dependability the two-axis Sun tracker. To accomplish this end, this survey concentrates on optimising the accountant board, thrust hardware and package.Two-axA ±s Sun trackerThe Sun ‘s beams can be decomposed into two constituents, one perpendicular to the panel surface, and the other analogue to the surface, where merely the former radiation can be received by the panel. Therefore, the angle between the Sun ‘s beams and the normal of the panel which is called the incident angle should be every bit little as possible. Incidence angle alterations with the diurnal an d seasonal fluctuations. Therefore, the fixed-installed solar aggregators can non to the full absorb the solar radiation energy. If at any clip by automatically tracking solar aggregators, panel place can be adjusted harmonizing to the Sun ‘s flight to cut down the incidence angle ; it will be able to absorb more solar radiation energy than the fixed panels in the same irradiation conditions. The panel of dual-axis Sun tracking system rotates around the two reciprocally perpendicular shafts, AZ shaft and lift shaft, shown in Fig 1. It will track the Sun ‘s AZ angle and lift angle, so that the panel can accomplish incident angle of 0. Two methods are normally used in solar trailing to place and follow the place of the Sun at any blink of an eye of clip between dawn and sundown: the closed cringle control method and the unfastened cringle control method. The closed cringle control method uses several feedback detectors such as LDR, photodiode, light-intensity detectors, mention cells and a signal processing circuit [ 4-6 ] . The signal processing circuit compares the end product signals of the detectors and operates on a feedback cringle with the coveted signal status. The end of the cringle is to bring forth maximal entire mistake signal from detectors by continuously seting the tracker way until the shadow on the detectors is the lower limit. A drawback of the closed cringle control method is that it can non efficaciously track the Sun on a cloudy twenty-four hours without a robust algorithm. Fig. -Structure of the two-axis Sun tracker. The unfastened cringle control method uses the longitude and latitude informations of the solar tracker location to find and track the place of the Sun [ 7, 8 ] . It has the advantages of easy scheduling and high truth. The system is simpler and cheaper than the closed-loop type of Sun tracking systems [ 9 ] . It does non detect the end product of the procedures that it is commanding. However, a fixed get downing way of the tracker at dawn every twenty-four hours is required in this method. Therefore, the get downing way of the tracker must be corrected from clip to clip. Consequently, an open-loop system can non rectify any mistakes so that it could do and may non counterbalance for perturbations in the system.Specifying Elevation and Azimuth AnglesThe algorithm for Sun trailing uses the solar lift, i? ±e and azimuth, i? ±A angles computed at the solar tracker location. The tracker must be aligned horizontally to find the lift and AZ angles accurately along with the hr and decli ne angles with regard to the heavenly equator or plane as depicted in Fig.1. Solar lift, i? ±e is the angle between the skyline and the line linking the beginning and the Sun that is, the complement of the zenith angle. Solar AZ, i? ±A is the angular supplanting of the projection of the line to the Sun onto the horizontal plane from the south axis. The solar lift angle, i? ±e, of the orientation system in the perpendicular plane, ?e, can be calculated as follows [ 9 ] sini? ±e=sini? ¤ sini? ¦ +cosi? ¤ cosi? ¦ cosi? · ( 1 ) Where e is the lift angle of the system i? ¦ is the latitude. is the hr angle ( 15 & A ; deg ; / hr ) , where ? = 0 at local midday. is the solar decline, where ? is calculated from Cooper ‘s equation, ( 2 ) N is the twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth ( 1 – 365 ) with N = 1 stand foring the 1st of January. Fig. – The relation between lift and zenith angles. The azimuth angle of the system in the horizontal plane, ?A, is calculated as [ 9 ] . ( 3 ) The solar trailing system normally returns to its initial remainder place after sundown, and starts to track the Sun after the Sun rises above the skyline. The dawn and sunset times can be calculated utilizing [ 13 ] for system location.DesA ±gn and application3.1. Mechanical DesignThe panels ‘ support construction was designed with two grades of freedom in order to change the disposition and orientation. Besides, the construct of the panel ‘s support every bit good as the system that allows this support to go around around the two axes was developed. The tracker is composed of a fixed base which is straight on the land, holding a mechanism that connects the base to the back uping construction of the panels. This mechanism consists of two parts, which have a grade of freedom ( from each other ) in two axes. For altering the disposition of the construction, extra linear actuator is mounted to the solar tracker control system. Linear actuators are highly precise by design, particularly when compared to pneumatic and hydraulic solutions. Screw based mechanical additive actuators allow to progress or withdraw the motivation rod by highly little increases, which is required for the exact placement of solar tracker. Electric additive actuator consumes highly low electricity and are available in 12 Volts d.c. it can be powered by the solar panel itself supported by a battery. Linear actuators can be remarkably little, particularly when sing the scope of gesture that is required for traveling the Sun tracker. Photograph of the mechanical construction is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. – Mechanical construction of the Sun tracker.3.2. Hardware DesignThe hardware design combines the embedded microcontroller with two DC motor drivers, rotational DC motor, DC motor controlled additive actuator, solar rotary motion mechanism, GPS, pyranometer, wind gauge, tilt switches and MEMBS based inclinometer. A general block diagram of the control system is shown in Fig. 4. Global placement system ( GPS ) is connected to the microcontroller via a standard consecutive RS-232 port. GPS sends to the microcontroller sentences, that contains a twine of characters, continuously. These sentences chiefly include longitude, latitude, height, day of the month and clip for location where GPS is placed. Since microcontroller has the existent clip clock circuitry, it is moderately accurate over short periods, but it needs standardization sporadically. As a consequence, the GPS clock signal is used to update the microcontroller ‘s internal clip sporadically and therefore effects of the long term mistakes are eliminated. As portion of the attempt to better solar tracker dependability and better understanding public presentation, a pyranometer is being added to solar tracker. This pyranometer allows the informations acquisition system to mensurate exactly the irradiance witnessed by the PV faculties on that tracker, and therefore better supervise the impact of the tracking algorithm on the energy end product of the system. Solar tracker steps tilt angle with potentiometer that has long-run dependability job. A higher dependability option is a solid-state inclinometer. It has three chief advantages ; inherently higher dependability, higher declaration less than 0.1 & A ; deg ; , direct measuring of angle. In this undertaking, micro electromechanical systems based on electronic inclinometer ADXL345 is used [ 11 ] . Digital end product informations is formatted as 16-bit two ‘s complement and is accessible through either a SPI ( 3- or 4-wire ) or I2C digital interface The inclinometer would typically be mounted straight underneath a tracker ‘s plane, from where the disposition can be measured. Fig. – Sun Tracker control system block diagram. The solar tracker is fitted with bound switches to guarantee robust operation. A micro roller switch mounted on the base of the solar tracker prevents multiple revolution completion of the AZ tracking phase. The solar aggregator besides includes two more bound switches on the zenith tracking phase to forestall over travel harm to the additive actuator mechanism. The initial reset balance usage tilt switches. The mechanism include four tilt switches ( E, West, south and north ) To protect tracker constituents from over air current velocity, system besides requires an wind gauge to mensurate wind velocity. Consequently, we need powerful and cost-efficient microcontroller to link all these parts and manage to track the Sun. It must hold two consecutive port, ( UART ) one for communicate computing machine the other 1 for GPS, two PWM signals for motor A and motor B, one I2C port for solid-state inclinometer, hardware counter input for wind gauge, parallel input for pyranometer, at least four digital inputs for tilt switches. In add-on, these characteristics we need package development tools for microcontroller. Sing the computation of the mentioned before, 32-Bit Stellaris microprocessor LM3S811 which is optimized for small-footprint embedded applications, fits best to the Sun tracker system. TI Stellaris LM3S811 microcontroller has a Reduced Instruction Set Coding ( RISC ) ARM nucleus, internal oscillators, timers, UART, USB, SPI, pull-up resistances, PWM, ADC, parallel comparator and watch-dog timers are some of the characteristics [ 10 ] .Software DesignThe developed Sun tracking algorithm enables high-precision finding of Sun angles and times for dawn, solar midday and sunset year-round. The flow chart of the algorithm is drawn in Fig. 5. The computation of the Sun angles with the Sun tracking algorithm package merely requires the specification of the day of the month, clip and exact longitude, latitude and lift of the location through a GPS system. Fig. – Flow chart of Sun tracking algorithm. The algorithm we developed for the control of the Sun tracker is composed of two chief subdivisions. In the input subdivision, the solar lift and AZ angles every bit good as dawn, sundown, solar midday and present solar times are calculated harmonizing to subdivision 2 and used as shared variables in other parts of the package. When the system starts, Stellaris foremost sets tracker to the place place and so takes GPS information to cipher the Sun set and rise times. The present solar clip is compared with the dawn and sunset times to find whether tracking should get down or halt. At dark clip, it waits following sample clip. Sample clip period may be defined harmonizing to proficient restraints. First restraint is GPS hot start clip that is 1 second for GPS. It can non be shorter than this value. The other restraint is the energy consumed by motor A and B during one tracking measure. We set sample clip to 2 minute during experimental work. The present solar clip between dawn and sun set clip ‘s Stellaris reads pyronometer value to look into if there is adequate solar radiation to bring forth power. Otherwise, Sun tracker stays at place place until solar radiation rise to lower bound of solar radiation. After solar radiation reaches the coveted value, so algorithm reads anemometer value to specify whether the Sun tracker can travel safely. If non, Sun tracker stays at place place at least during one sample clip. Otherwise, it starts tracking the Sun. In the end product subdivision of the algorithm, the package takes azimuth, ?A, and lift, ?e, angles from shared variables and converts them to drive gesture. The deliberate angles ?e, ?A, are so subtracted from the old place values. Harmonizing to the obtained angle difference and their marks, microcontroller sends PWM and way signals to the motor accountants. Motor A and motor B takes solar panel to the new place. Motor A can drive solar panels to turn in the horizontal plane in order to track the alterations in AZ angle ; its positive place is westbound. Similarly, motor B can drive solar panels to turn in the manner of fliping so as to track the alterations of solar lift angle ; its positive way is downward. At the terminal of tracking, the place of mechanisms demands to be defined. The electronic inclinometer ADXL345 sends x, Y, omega axis values to the Stellaris. This digital axis values are converted to angles by the microcontroller. By comparing the mensural angles with deliberate angles, the two motors take different motions to complete come up to the coveted place of the solar panel. Finally, when this twenty-four hours is over, the system backs to the place place to wait for the following twenty-four hours.ResultS and dA ±scussA ±onSun tracker was tested both in the research lab and out-of-doorss utilizing SM-55 solar panel [ 12 ] . During the out-of-door trial, the Sun tracking s ystem was moved to outside of a edifice so that we could compare the consequences between fixed place and two-axis Sun tracking systems. During a 24-hour test period, the two-axis solar tracker was required to run for about 2 proceedingss every hr to keep proper alliance with the Sun. Fig. – Outdoor trial consequences of sun tracker. During the trial procedure, solar panel charged to the battery, and solar panel current and electromotive force values were measured and stored every minute utilizing a information lumberman. End of the twenty-four hours, the solar panel, charged the battery up to 408.2 Watt-hour energy for about 11 hours. The recorded information on the twenty-four hours 5.5.2012 proved that the two-axis solar tracking PV panel produced more energy than the fixed 1 with about 40.7 % .ConclusA ±onIn this survey, a cost effectual two-axis Sun tracker has been developed. The ARM Cortex-M3 nucleus microprocessor successfully calculated the tilt angle of the solar panel in order to look into the accurate Sun lift angle. The placement technique, which has been investigated by the DC motor and additive actuator, reduced the mistake in turn uping the lift AZ angles to 0.1 & A ; deg ; . The proposed tracker has increased the energy collected by 40.7 % .